USH1 Unit 1 - French and Indian War

Theory of Mercantilism

❖ A country should try to ____ as much ____ (gold and silver) as possible → idea that bullion = ____

❖ For countries w/o rich mines like ____ the way to obtain more bullion was through a favorable ________.

❖ The mother country should ____ > imports

❖ COLONIES WERE THE ______...why? Because you can ____ them.

❖ England gets _______ from colonies (no bullion lost to other _____)

❖ Colonies buy manufactured goods from ____ country England(using bullion to do so) → England can also sell to other nations = ____

amass, bullion, power, Spain, balance of trade,

export, ANSWER, control, raw materials, nations, mother,
PROFITS

English Trade Laws: Control

❖ 1660s: England restricts _______ (exports,

imports and manufacturing) under a series of laws

called The _________

❖ designed to make colonies ______ on English

goods

❖ required colonies to sell ____ goods (sugar &

tobacco) ___ to England

❖ Enforcement was not ___ from 3,000 miles away...

colonial trade, Navigation Acts, dependent, certain, only, easy

Origins of Self Government

❖ Colonies had a _____ appointed by the ___

❖ A colonial _____ of elected _____ served under the _____

❖ In THEORY the Royal Governor had a lot of ____:

❖ In PRACTICE the colonial legislature came to _____ the colonial government.

❖ Passed laws regarding _____ and taxation (on top of all laws imposed by parliament in England: Even though Parliament in England made laws for the colonies, the colonial legislatures also made their own local laws.)

❖ Elected men who could _____ appointment of judges
(Colonial legislators were elected by colonists (usually wealthy white men).

These elected officials didn’t always directly appoint judges, but they could strongly influence who became a judge.)

governor, king, legislature, colonists, governor, power, dominate, defense, influence

Salutary Neglect: ❖ Why did GB allow the colonists so much flexibility in governing themselves?

❖ England → strong tradition of local ______ government (England already believed in the idea that people should have a say in their own government, especially at the local level.)

❖ GB ____ resources to ____ all wishes
(Great Britain physically could not control everything happening in the colonies.)

❖ Many colonists did not mind ____ the authority of King:

❖ ____ being British subjects

❖ Felt the ____ (protection, guaranteed trade relationship, etc) OUTWEIGHED the _____ (the restrictions on manufacture and trade)

❖ *** The existing ____ economy was working well***

representative, lacked, enforce, obeying, loved, benefits, drawbacks, political

Colonies’ Unifying Experiences

1. ______:

❖ Produced __ goods _____ for GB

(_______) → bought manufactured

goods from __

2. British ____ and the frontier/border:

❖ ___ colonies answered to the British Crown.

❖ All faced ______ with ___, French and _____

and felt __ should protect them

economic, raw, exclusively, Navigations Acts, GB, Identity, all, problems, NAs, Spanish, GB

Reaction to ENG Expansion:

Native Americans;

❖ White ____ forced ___ to

_____ onto ____ NA tribal

lands.

❖ created _________ → NA _____ to white

settlement & trade partners

❖ Problem: could not ____ tribes. (NAs were weakened

by this point by ____ and fractured militarily)

French

❖ ______ bothered. __ creeping on FR traders
(France depended heavily on trade with Native Americans, especially the fur trade

British settlers were:

Moving west into French-claimed territory

Competing with French traders for Native American business)

❖ Began sending troops to ___ along the ________

❖ In a few cases, ____ between __ settlers and FR

_____ resulted in exchanges of gunfire
(beginning of open violence that eventually led to the French and Indian War)

settlers, NAs, relocate, other, inter-tribal tension, resistance, unify, disease
economically, GB, forts, major rivers, disputes, GB, trade posts

GW: Sent by __ Gov. to ask to leave Valley

(- After the French refused to leave the Ohio Valley, Washington was sent back

• to defend Britain’s claim, not to start a war.

• British officials told colonial leaders to use force only if the French attacked first.

• Washington’s challenge was to push the French out while avoiding being seen as the one who started the fighting.)

• Washington ___ a War?

1754 Washington set out w/160 men, (with a few Mingo Indians)

❖ He came across a __ unit in the woods → both groups _ → started firing at each other. Fourteen FR were wounded / killed

❖ GW has a mini panic attack (“What have I done!?”)*

❖ The firing ____ because Ensign ____ was waiving a summons (meant to be ____) asking to speak with Washington...but then something happened

Then, After the skirmish with Jumonville's

forces, Washington delcared:

"We might be attacked

by considerable forces!”

(After the skirmish, Washington assumed:

The French would want revenge

A much larger French force might come after him

“Considerable forces” = a large number of soldiers

👉 This explains why Washington:

Became defensive

Built Fort Necessity

Prepared for a bigger battle)

Washington's ____

More than ___ FR soldiers attacked with NAs → __ of GW’s

men killed.

The message was clear: The French would not ____ from the _____ territory.

VA, FR, Ohio, starts, FR, panic, stopped, Jumonville, diplomatic, defeat, 600, 1/3, depart, disputed

Money (sometimes) Wins Wars!

❖ In _______ became _______ of GB

❖ He convinced parliament to raise ____ and borrow huge

sums of ____ to win

❖ By ___ the £146,000,000 of price tag was ______.

❖ Army/navy better ____ (better led/fed/outfitted)

❖ Could overwhelm the __ and Indians

(❖ Allowed GB to capture Quebec and ______)

(❖ Same for Ft. ______, Ticonderoga, and Niagara)

1756 William Pitt, prime minister, taxes, money, 1758, working, prepared, FR, Montreal, Duquesne

18th Cent. European Military Tactics

❖ __ suffered early _ because they fought in the _.

❖ The __ and _ hid behind trees/rocks, practicing ___ warfare

(❖ guerilla- a member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces)

GB, losses, open/straight lines, FR, NAs, guerilla

Quebec Falls & War Ends

❖ Quebec ____ was a _____ victory
(The Battle of Quebec in 1759 was a symbolic victory because capturing the French capital of New France gave Britain control of the colony’s heart and dealt a major psychological blow to France. Even though some fighting continued elsewhere, this decisive win marked the beginning of the end for French power in North America.)

(❖ by ___ the war was basically over in the colonies)

❖ Treaty of Paris ____: (In 1763 reps from FRANCE and BRITAIN met in Paris to sign a treaty)

❖ __ gave GB all of it’s North

American ___ claims

1759, symbolic, 1761, 1763, FR, land

GB’s View of War

❖ GB credited their massive ____ with winning the war → felt ____ didn’t provide enough support

❖ _____ felt that colonial ____ during the __ gave

__ the extra funds needed to _____ the war

❖ These ____ traders, GB grumbled, were _____

Colonists’ View of War

❖ Colonist felt they did their part (most of the ____ fighting and dying)

❖ British soldiers treated them ____ (didn’t respect them)

❖ _____ the _____ way of fighting (nobody listened)

❖ ____ that GB kept 10,000 soldiers in ___ to guard

against future threats

(Colonists were angry because they had been used to salutary neglect — a period where Britain largely left the colonies to govern themselves and imposed minimal interference.

Seeing a large standing army in peacetime felt like an occupation force, which made them feel threatened and controlled.)

army, colonists, PM pitt, smuggling, war, FR, prolong, American, traitors,

early, poorly, criticized, european, unhappy, America

Pontiac’s Rebellion of _____

After the French and Indian War (1754–1763), ____ took control of ____ territories in _______.

Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region were ___ because the British treated them _____ than the French had—they were _______ to trade fairly and more likely to take ____.

Many tribes felt their land and way of life were under ____.

In spring 1763, a group of tribes—including the Delaware, Huron, Miami, Ottawa, and Shawnee—rebelled against British control.

Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, became one of the key leaders.

The tribes attacked British ____ on the frontier, capturing or destroying 7 forts in just one month.

Fort ____, the main British fort in the Great Lakes region, was attacked by ____ personally. This fort was crucial for ____ and ____.

Casualties:

450 British soldiers killed

2,000 American colonists killed

2,000 colonists forced off their land

1763, Britain, French, North America, upset, differently, less willing, land, threat, forts, Detroit, Pontiac, defense, trade

Proclamation Line of 1763

To ____ the violence (______) the

line temporarily ______ colonists to settle ___ of the

Appalachian Mountains.

minimize, Pontiac’s Rebellion, FORBADE, west,

Timeline:

Mercantilism & __________

Colonial Self-Government Develops

_______

Colonial Unity & British Identity

________ Begins

Native American Resistance

French Fort Building in Ohio Valley

Washington’s Diplomatic Mission (1753)

_____________ Begins (1754)

Washington’s Defeat

Early British Losses

_______ Funds the War

British Military Turnaround

________ (1759)

War Ends in the Colonies (1761)

Treaty of Paris (1763)

British vs. Colonial War Perspectives

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

Proclamation Line of 1763

Navigation Acts, Salutary Neglect, Western Expansion, Washington’s Skirmish / War, William Pitt, Fall of Quebec