english 10H final review

persona

playing a character

couplet

two lines

quatrain

four lines

enjabment

when a line of poetry continues to another

caesura

stops or pauses created by punctuation that occur in a line of poetry

end rhyme

rhymes at the end of a line

perfect/true rhyme

exact rhymes

slant/near rhyme

close rhymes

rhyme scheme

the pattern of rhymes

sonnet

fourteen line, one stanza, iambic pentameter

• english sonnet: ABABCDCDEFEFGG

• italian sonnet: ABBAABBACD or CDE

alliteration

repetition of beginning sounds in neighboring words

assonance

repeating vowel sounds (anywhere)

consonance

repeating consonant sounds at the end of syllable

euphony

enhance harmonious sound

cacophony

harsh discordant sounds

onomatopoeia

sound created by a word that sounds like the sound it represents

Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet

octave, ABBA ABBA and a sestet CDCDCD, CDECDE, or CDCCDC

Shakespearean (English) sonnet

3 quatrains, concluding couplet, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

Sponserian sonnet

variation of English, ABAB CBCB CDCD EE

tercet

3 lines

cinquain

5 lines

sestet

6 lines

septet

7 lines

octet

8 lines

aphorism

a brief statement imparting truth; sometimes witty

euphemism

the substitution of a neutral or pleasant word/phrase for one that’s considered unpleasant

parallelism

repetition of grammatical structure within a sentence, paragraphs, consecutive paragraphs

anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of clauses

epistrophe

the repetition of word/phrases at the end of sentences

paradox

a situation that combines contradictory features/qualities

three types of irony

situational, dramatic, verbal

situational irony

outcome of the situation is the opposite of what was expected

dramatic irony

significance of actions are clear to the reader, but unaware to the characters

verbal irony

the speaker says one thing but means the opposite

point of view

1st, 2nd, 3rd person

perspective

who is telling the story, the narrator’s way of seeing the story

mood

the emotions evoked in the reader when reading the story

apostrophe

a character addressing a person thing or abstract quality that is not present, dead, or cannot respond, as if they were present

oxymoron

contradictory terms appearing in conjunction

catalog

a list of related ideas

stream of conciousness

a flow of thoughts and associations that occur in someone’s mind

symbol

an object, image, or idea that represents something else

motif

a recurring element, image, or idea that emphasizes a theme

image

descriptive words or phrases that create visual representation for the reader

iambic

. / . / . /

trochaic

/ . / . / .

anapestic

. . / . . / . . /

dactylic

/ . . / . .

meter

the # of feet in a line

monometer

1 foot

dimeter

2 feet

trimeter

3 feet

tetrameter

4 feet

pentameter

5 feet

hexameter

6 feet

heptameter

7 feet

octameter

8 feet

argument

using language, reason, and evidence to influence the thoughts and behaviors of others

rhetoric

how you approach an argument, the strategies we use to make an argument achieve its purpose; to persuade our target audience

claim

the position taken by the person making the argument

claims of fact

assert something is true or false using evidence

claims of value

express a judgement about something’s worth or importance, often involving comparisons

claims of policy

propose a course of action or a change in policy

audience

the individuals or groups you are trying to persuade

rhetorical situation

the context surrounding a text; the relationship between the speaker, subject, and audience

rhetorical triangle

how we build an argument using the rhetorical situation

SOAPStone

subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, tone

subject

the topic

occasion

the circumstance that gave rise ot the argument

audience

who the speaker is addressing

purpose

the intention of the speaker, what they want the audience to do

speaker

who is putting forward the claim

tone

the speaker’s attitude toward the subject

counterargument

opposing view points

bias

the speaker or writer having an identifiable preference for/against one side of an issue

concessions

mentioning/explaining the other view, agreeing

refutations

pointing out how the opposing view does not account for certain things

synthesis

integrating info and ideas, your own + othersl

logos

reason and logic

pathos

emotion

ethos

credibility

mythos

shared values/universal

diction

the choice of words in writing

connotation

an idea or feeling a word invokes

denotation

the literal meaning of a word

imagery

descriptive language to create an image

metaphor

comparing by saying something is something else

simile

comparison using like/as

analogy

comparison used to clarify something, actions

allusion

comparison to another work/character

hyperbole

exaggeration to make a point

personification

giving a non-human thing human characteristics

omniscient narrator

one who knows what every character is thinking, can move through time

limited omniscient narrator

one who knows the thoughts of one character

objective narrator

one who reports the actions and dialogue of the characters and describes the setting but does not see their thoughts

direct

when the author explicitly comments on or describes a character

indirect

author develops the character through their actions or way they speak

flat

can be easily described using a single word, no complexity

round

multi-faceted personalities, backgrounds, desires, motivations, complex

static

does not undergo any substantial internal changes