ch 1 kms

health

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

all systems of the human body are functioning normally, and are in balance with each other

homeostasis

stable/dynamic internal conditions under fluctuating environmental conditions

body organs normally do what under homeostasis

maintain temp, pH, blood comp, fluid levels

disease

deviation from normal structure or function in the body that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions

insulin

chemical messenger that maintains level of glucose in blood

pathology

study of disease

study of disease includes

causes, mechanisms, signs, symptoms

pathologist

physician who studies and interprets the changes caused by disease

signs

evidence of disease

symptoms

indication of disease reported by patient (NOT REAL)

symptoms ex

pain, dizziness, itching

signs ex

abnormal pulse, abnormal respiratory rate, fever, sweating

syndrome

abnormal structure or function characterized by group of signs and symptoms that occur together

syndrome ex

AIDS, malabsorption syndrome, down syndrome

disorder

functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality

disorders ex

ADHD, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hemorrhoids

is prescence of signs and symptoms required for condition to be termed as a disorder

no

diagnosis

process of identifying disease or disorder

physical exam ex

inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion, vital signs,

inspection

visual examination of external surface of the body, movements, and posture

• for abnormalities or evidence of disease

palpation

feeling the body with fingers or hands

• examination of size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness of organ or body part

auscultation

listening to the lungs, heart, and intestines

• evaluation of frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds originating in the body

percussion

producing sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body with fingers, hands, or a small instrument

• evaluation of size, consistency, and borders of organs and presence/absence of fluid in body areas

vital signs

pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temp

• assess most basic body functions

• vary with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, physical condition

laboratory tests

analyze composition of urine, blood, throat swabs, stool, sputum, and other patient samples

biopsy

surgical removal and analysis of tissue samples

• yields info about changes at cellular level

electrocardiography

reads heart electrical impulses

radiography

uses x-rays to visualize internal structures

computed tomography (CT) scan

computers and x-rays to create 3D images of internal structures

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

analyzes tissue responses to a strong magnetic field to create images of internal structures

ultrasound

analyzes interaction of low-frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images of internal organs

nuclear medicine

uses radioactive materials to create contrast in the body and help form images of the structure and function of organs

prognosis

predicted course and outcome of a disease

acute disease

sudden onset and short duration (flu, measles, common cold)

terminal

diseases ending in death

chronic disease

slower, less severe onset and long duration of months or years (heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, arthritis)

7 in 10 deaths in US due to

chronic diseases

6 in 10 deaths worldwide due to

chronic diseases

top 5 leading causes of death USA 2010

1. heart disease

2. cancer

3. chronic lower respiratory disease

4. stroke

5. accidents

remission

signs and symptoms subside or disappear

exacerbation

signs and symptoms grow more severe

relapse

return of a disease weeks or months after apparent cure

complication

related disease/ other abnormal state that develops in a person already suffering from a disease

common complication of leukemia, cancer, chronic kidney disease

anemia

top 5 leading causes of death world 2011

1. ischemic heart disease

2. stroke/ cerebrovascular disease

3. lower respiratory infections

4. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

5. diarrheal disease

sequela

aftermath of a disease

sequela of rheumatic fever

permanent damage to the heart

sequela of polio

paralysis

mortality

number of deaths that occur among people with a certain disease

top 5 leading cause of death low income countries 2008

1. lower respiratory infections

2. diarrhea disease

3. hiv/aids

4. ischemic heart disease

5. malaria

morbidity

number of cases of a disease in a population

prevalence

percentage of a population that’s affected with a particular disease at a given time

epidemiology

study of the occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease

top 5 leading cause of death high income countries 2008

1. ischemic heart disease

2. stroke/ cerebrovascular disease

3. trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

4. alzheimer’s and other dementias

5. lower respiratory infections

pathogenesis

how the cause of a disease leads to anatomical and physiological changes in the body that ultimately result in the disease

idiopathic

cause of disease is unknown

hereditary diseases

hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis

congenital diseases

tetralogy of fallot (heart abnormality)

degenerative diseases

arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, alzheimer’s

inflammation/autoimmunity/allergy diseases

asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, hay fever

infectious diseases

tuberculosis, influenza, syphilis

neoplastic diseases

lung cancer, malignant melanoma, breast cancer

metabolic diseases

diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism

trauma diseases

burns, frostbite, bone fractures

nutritional-imbalance diseases

iron-deficiency anemia, scurvy, obesity

hereditary cause of disease def

abnormality in an individuals genes or chromosomes

congenital cause of disease def

exist at or date from birth

aquired through hereditary/development in uterus

degenerataive cause of disease def

function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time

inflammatory autoimmune allergic cause of disease def

result of abnormal immune function

caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

neoplastic cause of disease def

result from abnormal growth that leads to formation of tumors

metabolic cause of disease def

disruption of normal metabolis

traumatic cause of disease def

physical or chemical injury

nutritional cause of disease def

over or underconsumption of nutrients

risk factors

increase person’s change of developing a disease

what can risk factors be

environmental, chemical, physiological, psychological, genetic

modifiable risk factors

physical activity, nutrition, tobacco use, alcohol use

4 ways to promote long healthy lives

be physically active, eat wisely, maintain healthy weight, be tobacco free

treatment

aims to cure a disease or reduce severity of signs/symptoms

What is the best definition of​ health?

the condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally

What physical assessment technique produces sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body using​ fingers, hands, or a small​ instrument?

percussion

What is the study of​ disease?

pathology

What is the leading cause of death in the United​ States?

diseases of the heart

What category of disease is sickle cell​ anemia?

hereditary

What category of disease best describes a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over​ time?

degenerative

What is true regarding risk factors related to​ disease?

Risk factors increase a​ person's chance of developing a disease.

According to the United States Health and Human​ Services, what choice best demonstrates a component of a healthy​ plate?

green leafy vegetables covering​ 50% of the plate

The medical assistant is assisting the primary care provider during a​ client's annual health exam. Which statement will the medical assistant most likely hear the provider tell the client regarding smoking​ cessation?

​"Within three months of​ quitting, an​ ex-smokers lung function begins to​ improve."

The doctor says that with rest and​ fluids, Maria has a good chance at complete recovery in about 2 weeks. This predicted outcome is called the​ disease's  ​_______.

prognosis

Lung cancer is an example of​ a(n) ________ disease

chronic

​Maria's disease can be described as​ ________

acute

Maria has many signs and symptoms of influenza. Which is an example of a​ sign?

cough

You note that because his father had lung​ cancer, Carl has a risk factor he cannot modify or control. Which of these is not a modifiable risk​ factor?

genetics

Carl can modify which risk​ factor?

cigarette smoking

dynamic equilibrium

maintained by the ever-changing processes of feedback, and then regulation in response to external and internal feedback changes

trisomy 21 aka

down syndrome

x-ray

dark = less dense

bright = more dense

mammography

radiographic technique used to screen for breast cancer

can reveal cancer before even palpable

incidence of breast cancer in women

1 in 8

women diagnosed w/ breast cancer in 2021

284,000

breast cancer screening recommendations

every year for women 40+

self-examination once a month

clinical breast exam 19+