AP World CH1 - Princeton Review

The Global Tapestry & Networks of Exchange

Siddhartha Gautama

The founder of Buddhism, Buddha, Enlightened One

Four Noble Truths

1. Dukka (suffering) is universal

2. Dukka is caused by desire

3. One can be freed of desire

4. Follow the Eightfold Path to eliminate desire

Eightfold Path

The way to eliminate desire

Theravada Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism that followed the original teachings & believed that Buddha was a human mentor

Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism that was less strict, used Bodhisattvas, and spread across Asia more because it provided by spiritual comfort & was open to other cultures

Jesus’ death

Killed by Roman & Jewish leaders

Monotheistic religions

Buddhism, Christianity, Islam

Analects

Confucius’ followers collected his sayings here

• Focus on relationships

• Humanness

• Filial piety

• Ritual

Five Fundamental Relationships in Confucianism

1. Subject & Ruler

2. Parent & Child

3. Husband & Wife

4. Older Sibling & Younger Sibling

5. Friend & Friend

Confucianism’s impact on China

• Ethical, social, and political belief systems, rather than a theological system

• Orderly Chinese society

Brahma

The creator God in Hinduism

Vishnu

The preserver; a manifestation of Brahma

Shiva

The destroyer; a manifestation of Brahma

Dharma

Set rules to follow for your caste

Moshka

The highest state of being in Hinduism

Atman

Ones true, unchanging self amid all lives

Karma

In Hinduism & Buddhism - the effects of a person's actions that determine their destiny in their next life

Samsara

The cycle of birth & rebirth in Hinduism

Nirvana

The goal of Buddhism - a world of enlightenment free of struggle

Caste system

The social system of Hinduism with 4 categories

Brahmins

The highest caste; religious men

Five Pillars of Islam

1. Shahada - Profession of Faith

2. Salat - Prayer 5x a day

3. Zakat - Charity (tax)

4. Sawm - Fasting during Ramadan

5. Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca

Shia

Believed Ali should be Muhammad’s successor

• Shi’ite

• Minority

Sunni

Believed Abu Bakr should be Muhammad’s successor

• Majority

Abu Bakr

Muhammad’s successor

Ridda Wars

Wars against various tribes on the Arabian peninsula who didn’t like Abu Bakr

• Result: Bakr consolidated Islam across the entire Arabian peninsula

Umayyad Dynasty

In charge of the Caliphate

• Centered in Damascus

• Women active in society

• Decline: family gets soft

• Taken over by the Abbasid Dynasty

Dhimmi

“People of the book” (Christian/Jews) who had to pay the jizya tax

The Middle Ages timeframe

After the fall of Rome before the Renaissance

Constantinople

The center of the eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)

Components of feudalism

1. Kings

2. Nobles

3. Vassals

4. Peasants

Fiefs/manors

Pieces of land given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty & military service

Three-field system

1. Autumn

2. Spring

3. Fallow to restore nutrients

The “Great Clearing”

Ordered by Lords to clear huge areas of forest to create more farmland

Code of Chivalry

• Followed by medieval knights

• Emphasizing mutual respect

• Governed their behavior in battle and society

• Compare to Samurai Bushido code

Primogeniture

Eldest son receives a lord’s land & title

Peasants impact on Europe during the Middle Ages

• Skilled with many crafts; led to Europe trading with the rest of the world

• Elevation in the status of these people chipped away at the rigid social class

• The formation of the “middle class” of urban craftsmen & merchants

• More people moved to these manors to make more money

Italy and Germany as nation-states

• Strong and independent townships and kingdoms

• Allowed merchants & tradespeople to become more powerful

Hanseatic League

• In 1358 northern Germany; led the region’s progress in international trade and commerce

• Controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe

• Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe

Magna Carta (1215)

• King John was forced to sign

• Limited the power of the English monarchy

• Established that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law

Two branches of Parliament

1. House of Lords

2. House of Commons

House of Lords

Nobles & Clergy; legal issues and advised the king

House of Commons

Knights & wealthy burghers; trade and taxation

Hundred Years’ War

• Conflict between France & England as England was claiming large portions of France

• Joan of Arc played a large role in rallying troops & fighting

• French victory; English retreat (rise of Bourbons comes up)

The two reasons for the lack of unification of the Spanish-speaking region of Europe

• 3 independent Spanish kingdoms — no sole ruler

• Peasants split along religious lines — influence of Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

Purpose of Isabella & Ferdinand’s marriage

To create of a powerful and unified Spanish monarchy

Isabella & Ferdinand + the Catholic Church

Enlisted the Church as allies

Spanish Inquisition

• The end of religious toleration in Spain

• Non-Christians had to convert or leave

Russia before 1242

Eastern Orthodox Christians defending themselves from the colonization of western invaders

Tatar (Mongol) rule of Russia

• From 1242 to two centuries

• Increased cultural split between Eastern/Western Europe

• Ununified & did not develop as quickly as its European neighbors to the West

Decline of Tatar (Mongol) rule in Russia

Rise of Russian princes of Muscovy

Ivan III

• Expanded Muscovy territory into modern-day Russia

• Became czar

Ivan the Terrible

• Centralized power of the Russian sphere

• Ruthless ruling

The Third Rome

Moscow

2 major Chinese Dynasties

Song (960-1279) and Ming (1368-1644)

Influence of Confucianism on women

Justified their subordination (foot binding)

Other religions in China after the fall of the Han Dynasty

Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Islam

Branches of Buddhism popular in China after the fall of the Han Dynasty

Mahayana & Chan(Zen) Buddhism

Daoist view of Buddhism

A rival religion winning over many adherents

Confucian view of Buddhism

A drain on the treasury and labor pool due to Buddhism’s de-emphasis of material gain

Neo-Confucianism

A revival of Confucianism with emphasis on metaphysical aspects; stresses moral cultivation, social harmony, and adherence to Confucian values

Buddhist/Daoist influences on Neo-Confucianism

• Borrowed Buddhist/Daoist moral standards + classical texts

• Rejected the mystical/religious aspects

Start & peak of Neo-Confucianism

Tang & Song

Aspects of Neo-Confucianism

1. Moral cultivation/role of individuals

2. Filial piety

3. Loyalty to superiors

Yoritomo Minamoto

The first Shogun of Japan

Shogun

The military commander in feudal Japan, acting for the emperor (a figurehead)

Daimyo

Feudal lords who owned land and were powerful samurai

Code of Bushido

Samurai code of loyalty, courage, and honor

The two religions that came from India

Hinduism & Buddhism

Delhi Sultanate

The kingdom that Islamic invaders established in 1206 after defeating the Hindus

• Hindus & Buddhists become Dhimmi and must pay a tax

• Mostly Northern India

Aurangzeb

A Mughal emperor in India during the late 17th century known for his strict policies and expansion of the empire. He was not religiously tolerant

Akbar

A Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance, administrative reforms, and cultural advancements

Khmer Empire

A Hindu empire in Southeast Asia

Religion in the Khmer Empire

• Hindu — spread by the Indian Ocean trade network

• Religious toleration — lots of Buddhists in SEA

Angkor Wat

• A Hindu temple in the Khmer Empire

• Represented Hindu and later Buddhism

Downfall of the Khmer Empire (1431)

• Thais moving from China to the Empire, especially during the Mongol invasion of China

• Ended when the Thais captured Angkor Wat for the last time

Impact of Islamic traders in North Africa

• Africa became part of the Mediterranean economy trade

• Caravans of traders crossing the Sahara

Hausa Kingdoms

• Independent African city-states

• Flourishing urban/commercial centers

• Islamic

• Example: Kano

• Downfall: internal wars among the kingdoms

Aztec Empire

Native people who lived in northern Mexico

• Capital: Tenochtitlan

• Invaded for human sacrifice

  • Invaded places had to pay taxes and tribute

  • Could self-govern

• Trade and roads

Inca Empire

Natives in Western South America

• Capical: Cuzco

• Human sacrifice (less extreme)

• No concept of property

• Sun God (Polytheistic)

• Professional army

• Established bureaucracy

• Unified language

• Complex system of roads/tunnels

• Human & peasant labor

Both the Inca & Aztec empire

Expansionist empires with a professional army

The type of government that the Inca had that the Aztecs did not have

Established bureaucracy

Temple of the Sun / Machu Picchu

• Temples in the Inca Empire

• Evidence of their building, stone-cutting, and mining skills

Quipu

A set of knotted strings that allowed the Incans to record census & harvest data

Trading and Crusading

Fostered interaction between the Christian & Islamic world

Burghers

Middle-class merchants who became politically powerful in the Middle Ages

Effects of the interdependence of towns in the Middle Ages

• Step towards nationhood

• Social mobility & flexibility

• Alliances

Middle Ages architecture

Romanesque to Gothic

Middle Age Cathedrals

• Places of art and music

• Gothic style with “flying buttresses”

The Crusades

Military campaigns to take over the Holy Land and convert non-Christians to Christianity

Heresies

Religious practices/beliefs that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine

Reason

Led to hersies

Pope Innocent III

• Issued strict decrees on church doctrine

• Persecuted Jews & heretics

• 4th Crusade on Christian Constantinople, forming a Latin Empire

Inquisition

• Pope Gregory IX

• Interrogation & persecution of heretics

Names for the Church during the Middle Ages

Universal Church & the Church Militant

Thomas Aquinas

• Summa Theologica

• Faith and reason are not in conflict

Scholasticism

• People thinking more openly

• Universities

• Byzantine & Islamic knowledge

• Conflict with Church: reason over faith

Spread of the Bubonic Plague

• Spread by commerce & trade

• Mongol control of the central Asian Silk Roads

• More interactions b/t Europe & Asia

• Arrived in Italy by 1347 by traders and merchants

Reasons the Bubonic Plague was so deadly in Europe

Crowded cities, inadequate sanitary & medical knowledge

Impacts of the Bubonic Plague

• Killed 1/3 of Europe

• Destroyed traditional social structures

• Sped up social & economic movements: commercial economy, individual freedoms, new industries