endosymbiotic theory
The theory that eukaryotic organisms evolved from prokaryotes
A larger prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell, which underwent cell functions while engulfed and split into the organelles found in eukaryotes
glycocalyx
The outermost boundary of the cell that comes into contact with the environment
Composed of polysaccharides; network of fibers
Capsules
Slimes
cell wall
Provides structure and shape
cytoplasmic membrane
phospholipid bilayer
Sterols to add stability
selectively permeable
nucleus
Genetic center of the cell
Stores DNA; synthesize of RNA
nuclear envelope
Parallel membranes with pores
nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA synthesis; ribosome construction
chromosomes
Genetic information of the cell
Composed of chromatin
endoplasmic reticulum
Transport of materials; lipid synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Network without ribosomes
For processing nutrients, synthesis and storage of lipids
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Contains ribosomes
Package and transport proteins
golgi complex
Packaging and modification of proteins prior to secretion
Cisternae = flattened sacs
mitochondria
Energy production
powerhouse of the cell
chloroplasts
Converts sunlight to chemical energy during photosynthesis
flagella
Locomotor appendage containing microtubiles in a 9+2 arrangement
Covered by extension of cell membrane
10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella and moves with wavelike motion
cilia
Only found in eukaryotic cells
Function in motility, feeding, and filtering
9+2 arrangement
ribosomes
Protein synthesis
external eukaryotic structures
glycocalyx
capsules
slimes
boundary of eukaryotic cell
cell wall
cell/cytoplasmic membrane
organelles within eukaryotic cell membrane
cytoplasmic matrix
nucleus
organelles
locomotor organelles
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
nucleus of eukaryotic cells
nuclear envelope
nucleolus
chromosomes
organelles of eukaryotic cells
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi complex
mitochondria
chloroplasts
locomotor eukaryotic organelles
flagella
cilia
cytoskeleton
microtubules
microfilaments
fungi
unicellular or colonial
100,000 species divided in two groups
macroscopic fungi
microscopic fungi
fungi cell wall composition
thick rigid cell wall
composed of chitin or cellulos and glycan
hyphae
Morphology of microscopic fungi
Long cells that make up filamentous fungi or molds
Presents in different colors or textures due to spores
yeast
Morphology of microscopic fungi
Round ovoid shpe
Produces asexually
Has a cell wall and lacks movement
Swelling on surface are buds that become separate cells
dimorphic
Existing in either form, but not both at the same time
molds
Long filamentous fungi
Have cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
saprobes
Decomposers
Able to break down and live off dead organic matter
mycoses
Fungal infections
Ex. atheletes foot
mycelium
Woven intertwining mass or hyphae
septa
Hyphae divided by walls
vegetative hyphae
Digest and absorb nutrients
reproductive hyphae
Produce spores for reproduction
sporangiospores
Type of asexual spore
Formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head (sporangium)
Initially enclosed but released when ruptured
conidiospores
Type of asexual spore
free spore; not enclosed
major groups of parasitic helminths
flat worms
cestodes
trematodes
roundworms
flat worms
flat, no definite body cavity; simple excretory and nervous systems
cestodes
tape worms
trematodes
flukes; flattened worms with sucking mouthparts
round worms
nematodes; round, have complete digestive tract, protective surface, spines, hook, but poorly developed excretory and NS