wavni

motives

factors activating goal behavior

theory of motivation

mix of biological, psychological, and social factors

Biological Motivation: instinct

motivate by instincts like sucking, jealousy, curiosity

* only describe behavior not explain why it motivates

Biological Motivation: evolutionary

genetic variability produced through reproduction like males liking females

Biological motivation: drive reduction theory

act to satisfy needs

* primary drives: hunger, thirst, sleep
* secondary drives: money, social acceptance
* maintaining homeostasis - equilibrium
* Set point - target

Biological motivation: arousal theory

people seek optimal excitement/arousal; sometimes seek further arousal after basic needs

Optimal level of arousal

Varies from person to person

* Ex: sensation seekers - tend to get bored easily

varies from time to time

* Ex: study in library then ride bike

Yerkes-dodson law

performance increases w/ arousal but only to a certain point

Psychological motivation: incentive theory

motivation bc of learned association: rewards & punishments

Ex: studying w/ friends is fun but no work is done so study alone oto get a good score

Psychological sources: Cognitive consistency

motivated to reduce conflict

* people change to fit behavioral pattern

cognitive consistency: avoid cognitive dissonance

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motivated to resolve feeling of acting different

Cognitive consistency: effort justification

tendency to place greater value on goals more difficult to justify effort spent

* the harder we work, the more we value it

psychological source: motive in conflict (kirk Lewin)

approaches/avoidance types

Motive in conflict: approach-approach

Deciding between 2 desirable options

* Ex: choosing between 2 great colleges w/ similar characteristics

Motive in conflict: avoidance-avoidance

Deciding between 2 undesirable options

Motive in conflict: approach-avoidance

one choice, which carries positives and negatives

* Ex: only one college has liking major, even though it’s expensive

Motive in conflict: multiple approach-avoidance

many choices of which each carry positives and negatives

social source: achievement motivation

people motivate to achieve, regardless of benefits of knowledge

* people w/ high AM constantly challenge themselves

optimal performance

seek challenging tasks but usually choose easiest one

avoidance motivation

desire to avoid failure & sticking w/ safe path

* Lower AM does better in grades & higher levels of well-being

Social sources: Extrinsic/intrinsic motivation

Extrinsic - reward from outside

* Ex: grades, salary

Intrinsic - rewards from inside

* Ex: enjoyment, satisfaction

turning play into work

excessive rewards reduces interest

ex: child lavishly rewarded from drawing later showed little interest in drawing “overjustification effect”

Social source: flow experience (csikszentmihalyi)

When there is a feeling of engrossment into an experience so you are motivate to continue that experience; when awareness & actions become one

autotelic experience

when experience of activity is intrinsically rewarding so time seems to stop/alter

flow experience: conditions to follw

* clear set goals & progress -→ adding direction & structure of eahc task
* must have clear feedback -→ adjusting performance to maintain the flow state
* Balance between challenging and our skills

solitude

ability to think & reflect independently on given topic

Humanistic source: Maslow

Heirarchy of needs

self actualization - realization of fulfilment of needs

Psychoanalytic source: Freud’s libidinal unconscious motivation

1) Eros, sex

2) Thanatos Aggression

* aggression needs to be restrained for society to function

Repetition compulsions

drive to repeat same behavior, even when it is self-destructive

Behavioristic perspective of motivation

rewards & punishments; consequences predict/motivate

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson

Identity Crisis - At diff ages, come up w/ resolution for diff social conflict → each one establishes personality

After 20 years, becomes stable

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson Stage 1

Trust vs Mistrust (0-2)

* learning to trust that world provides their needs

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson stage 2

Autonomy vs shame and doubt (2-4)

* toddlers learn to develop their own will & choices for themself
* will power

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson stage 3

initiative vs guilt

* develop curiosities of the world
* is encouraged, will continue
* if discouraged, will feel guilty
* purpose

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson stage 4

industry vs inferiority

* performing and producing around others
* if do well, competent
* if do not well, develop inferior complex
* competency

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson stage 5

identity vs role confusion

* discover social identity -→ try to diff ones to see what fits
* fidelity (truthfulness to one’s self)

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson stage 6

intimacy vs isolation

* balancing between work/school and other people
* love

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson stage 7

generativity vs stagnation

* reflect life so far and become concerned for new life or self absorption
* care

Psychosocial Development - Erik Erikson stage 8

integrity vs despair

* reflect but look to see if satisfied & lmeaningful
* if meaningful, offer wisdom & insight
* if regret, fall into despair over missed opportunities
* wisdom

goldwater rule

unethical if you talk about someone youve never met

Cognitive development: piaget

children think differently than adults

Piaget: schema

units of understanding things to help us interpret

Piaget approaches

assimilation (fitting world into own scheme & accommodation (fitting scheme to fit world)

Piaget: Egocentric

not being able to see other’s POV

piaget: theoyr of mind

ability to take other’s perception

* read intentions: infer other’s intentions & mental state

Self concept

understanding of who we are

Cognitive development: piaget stage 1

sensorimotor

* development of schemata through sensory experiences

Cognitive development: piaget stage 2

Cognitive development: piaget stage 3

Cognitive development: piaget stage 4

Morality of piaget

Criticisms of piaget

Moral development: Kohlberg

Moral development: Kohlberg level 1 (stage 1 + 2)

Moral development: Kohlberg level 2 (stages 3 + 4)

Moral development: Kohlberg level 3 (stages 5+6)

Moral development: Carol Gilligan

Moral development: Carol Gilligan stage 1

Moral development: Carol Gilligan stage 2

Moral development: Carol Gilligan stage 3

Naomi Weisstein

Emotional development: Harry Harlow

Emotional development: Harry Harlow

Hypothesis

Methods

Results

Emotional development: Harry Harlow

observations

Emotional development: Harry Harlow criticisms

Explaining child abuse

John Bowlby

Cross cultural devleopment: Anna Freud (against Bowlby)

Emotional + social development: Konrad Lorenz - imprinting

Emotional + social development: Mary Ainsworth - strange situation

Emotional + social development: Mary Ainsworth - strange situation attachment styles

Mary Ainsworth - strange situation criticisms

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Mary Ainsworth - strange situation influences of attachment

Parenting styles Diana Baumrind (list the 3)

Parenting styles Diana Baumrind: authoratative

Parenting styles Diana Baumrind : authoritarian

Parenting styles Diana Baumrind: permissive

4 basic types of parenting - Maccoby and Martin (list 4)

4 basic types of parenting - Maccoby and Martin: authoratative

4 basic types of parenting - Maccoby and Martin: authoratarian

4 basic types of parenting - Maccoby and Martin: indulgent

4 basic types of parenting - Maccoby and Martin: neglectful

Criticisms of parenting styles

Statistical analysis

Distributions (types)

Frequency distribution

Histogram

Polygon

Descriptive stats

Central tendency

Mean

Median

M

Mode

Measures of variability

Range

Standard deviation

Correlation

Pos correlation

Neg correlation

no correlation