Thẻ ghi nhớ: UNIT 14: THE BUSINESS CYCLE | Quizlet

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Last updated 11:39 AM on 1/5/26
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37 Terms

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Business cycle model (Mô hình chu kỳ kinh doanh)

a model showing the increases and decreases in a nation's real GDP over time; this model typically demonstrates an increase in real GDP over the long run, combined with short-run fluctuations in output.

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Expansion (Giai đoạn mở rộng / tăng trưởng)

the phase of the business cycle during which output is increasing

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Recession (Suy thoái)

the phase of the business cycle during which output is falling

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Depression (Khủng hoảng kinh tế)

a deep and prolonged recession

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Peak (Đỉnh chu kỳ)

the turning point in the business cycle between an expansion and a contraction (co thắt); during a peak in the business cycle, output has stopped increasing and begins to decrease

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Trough (Đáy chu kỳ)

the turning point in the business cycle between a recession and an expansion; during a trough in the business cycle, output that had been falling during the recession stage of the business cycle bottoms out and begins to increase again.

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Recovery (Phục hồi kinh tế)

when GDP begins to increase following a contraction and a trough in the business cycle; an economy is considered in recovery until real GDP returns to its long-run potential level.

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Potential output (Sản lượng tiềm năng)

the level of output an economy can achieve when it is producing at full employment; when an economy is producing at its potential output, it experiences only its natural rate of unemployment, no more and no less.

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Growth trend (Xu hướng tăng trưởng dài hạn)

the straight line in the business cycle model, which is usually upward-sloping and shows the long-run pattern of change in real GDP over time

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Positive output gap (Khoảng cách sản lượng dương)

the difference between actual output and potential output when an economy is producing more than full employment output; when there is a positive output gap, the rate of unemployment is less than the natural rate of unemployment and an economy is operating outside of its PPC (The production possibilities curve).

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Negative output gap (Khoảng cách sản lượng âm)

the difference between actual output and potential output when an economy is producing less than full employment output; when there is a negative output gap, the rate of unemployment is greater than the natural rate of unemployment and an economy is operating inside its PPC.

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alternately

lần lượt, luân phiên

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Slump

sụt giảm

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mortgage

khoản vay thế chấp (nhà đất)

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endogenous theory

nguyên nhân của hiện tượng kinh tế xuất phát từ bên trong hệ thống kinh tế, chứ không phải từ các cú sốc bên ngoài.

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Exogenous theory

những biến động kinh tế (như chu kỳ kinh doanh) chủ yếu bắt nguồn từ các cú sốc bên ngoài hệ thống kinh tế (tiến bộ khoa học, thiên tai, bầu cử hoặc các cú sốc chính trị, thay đổi dân số), chứ không phải từ các cơ chế nội tại.

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Fiscal policy - chính sách tài khóa

a government's strategy for using taxation and spending to influence the economy, aiming for goals like stable prices, full employment, and sustainable growth by managing aggregate demand.

It involves expansionary (more spending/less tax to boost economy) and contractionary (less spending/more tax to cool economy) measures, acting as a key tool alongside monetary policy to stabilize economic cycles

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Monetary policy - chính sách tiền tệ

actions by a central bank (like the Federal Reserve or ECB) to manage money supply and credit conditions, primarily to control inflation, stabilize prices, and promote employment/economic growth, using tools such as setting interest rates, open market operations (buying/selling securities), and reserve requirements to influence borrowing costs and money flow in the economy.

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Reserve

dự trữ

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Keynesianism

an economic theory that argues that government intervention in the economy is necessary to manage aggregate demand, especially during recessions.

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aggregate

(adj, n, v) tổng hợp, kết hợp, gộp chung, toàn thể, khối tập hợp

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riposte

lời đối đáp, cú phản công / trả đũa

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counteract

chống lại, kháng cự

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subprime crisis

khủng hoảng cho vay dưới chuẩn(thường dùng để chỉ khủng hoảng tài chính toàn cầu 2007-2008)

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Subprime

dưới chuẩn, (thuộc nhóm) tín dụng rủi ro cao, thường dùng cho khách hàng có khả năng trả nợ kém hoặc lịch sử tín dụng xấu.

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bankrupt

phá sản, vỡ nợ

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Countercyclical policies = chính sách chống chu kỳ / ngược chu kỳ kinh doanh

government policies designed to stabilize the economy by acting against the business cycle—stimulating the economy during recessions and restraining it during expansions to manage inflation and unemployment.

During recessions, they involve expansionary fiscal (spending, tax cuts) and monetary (lower rates) actions; during booms, they shift to contractionary measures (reduced spending, higher taxes, tighter money) to prevent overheating.

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Fiscal

thuộc tài chính, liên quan đến thu - chi ngân sách của chính phủ

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Side-effects

tác dụng phụ

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capital goods

tư liệu sản xuất (Doanh nghiệp mua để sản xuất hàng hóa khác)

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steel

(n) thép, ngành thép

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consumer discretionary

hàng hóa / dịch vụ tiêu dùng không thiết yếu(tiêu dùng có thể cắt giảm khi thu nhập giảm)

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Consumer staples

hàng hóa tiêu dùng thiết yếu(luôn được mua bất kể chu kỳ kinh doanh)

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reform

v., n. /ri´fɔ:m/ cải cách, cải thiện, cải tạo; sự cải cách, sự cải thiện, cải tạo

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Basic materials

các ngành cung cấp nguyên liệu đầu vào cho sản xuất.

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audit

kiểm toán

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Utilities

tiện ích, dịch vụ điện nước