GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 - ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic Compounds

are compounds generally made up of carbon (C) atoms except carbides, carbonates, cyanides, and oxide of carbons

Organic Chemistry

study of any compound generally comprising C except carbides, carbonates, cyanides, oxides of carbon

Carbon

constitutes less than 0.027% of Earth's crust

Carbon

primary component in millions of organic compounds

Hybridization

mixing of orbitals

Atomic Orbital Theory

states that a bond is formed from the overlap of atomic orbitals

Hydrocarbons

are the simplest organic compounds that are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

Alkane

sigma bond; all single bonds

Alkene

one or more double bonds

Alkyne

one or more triple bonds

Benzene

delocalized pi bonds

Ethene

is used as an indicator that a fruit is ripe, and it has a faint sweet and musky odor

Ethyne / acetylene

is widely used for industrial applications (ex: welding)

Isomers

Compounds with similar molecular formulas but with different structures

Structural isomers / constitutional isomers

classification of isomer where compounds with the same molecular formula but differ in structure

Stereoisomers

mainly focus on how atoms are being oriented or arranged in space

Stereoisomers

are isomers that have the same structural connections, but the branches can probably differ in their location

trans-isomer

substituent are on different sides

cis-isomer

substituent on the same side

Chiral carbon / asymmetric carbon

is a carbon atom that has four different substituent groups bonded to it

Functional Group

a specific group of atoms that dictate a specific behavior of a compound

Methanol / methyl alcohol

is the simplest alcohol used as a gasoline additive and a fuel additive

Ethanol / ethyl alcohol

is a product of anaerobic respiration and fermentation of sugar, used in the production of alcoholic beverages, and it is also responsible in the rising of bread dough

Diethyl ether

is used in the production of cellulose acetate for eyeglasses, adhesives, and synthetic fibers, it was also used before as an anesthetic

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)

is used as an alternative fuel additive to replace lead (Pb) additives in gasoline

Methanal / formaldehyde

is used as a solvent, embalming agent, and preserving agent for biological specimens

Acetone

is a solvent used in nail polish removers, and it can also be used to remove some types of paint

Butanone

is used as a solvent in the production of plastics, lacquers, varnishes, and paint removers

Methanoic acid / formic acid

is a carboxylic acid injected by ants that may cause swelling to humans or animals

Citric acid

is the major acid present in all citrus fruits

Tartaric acid

is present in many fruits and appears to be a waste product in canning and winery

Lactic acid

is present in cheeses and milk that gives a tangy taste

Esterification

process where esters are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

Amines

are found in some industrial wastes (ex: fish and beet-sugar industries), disinfecting agent in food and beverage-dispensing industries, incorporated in baby diapers to aver bacterial infections

Amides

they are used in agricultural fertilizers and the production of synthetic resins