Organic Chemistry Reactions + VSEPR

Types of addition

1. Hydrogenation

2. Halogenation

3. Hydration

4. Hydrohalogenation

Hydrogenation

Addition of H₂ to alkene/alkyne to saturate and break double/triple bond

Halogenation

Addition of halogen to alkene/alkyne to increase reactivity and break double/triple bond. Forms haloalkene

Hydration

Addition of water to alkene/alkyne to produce alcohol and break double/triple bond (Markovnikov’s)

Hydrohalogenation

Addition of hydrogen halide to form Haloalkane (Markovnikov’s)

Substitution (Benzene only)

Replace H₂ with others (ex. Cl₂). Produces H + remaining compound as byproduct. Bonds with lower EN if 2 non-identical atoms are subbed.

Elimination (dehydration)

Removal of hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group from alcohol to form alkene and water

Condensation

alcohol + alcohol → ester + water. Hydroxyl of 1st alcohol bonds with Hydrogen of 2nd, connecting molecules by oxygen and forming water.

Oxidation

1. Primary alcohol + (O) → Aldehyde + water

2. Secondary alchohol + (O) → Ketone + water

3. Aldehyde + (O) → Carboxylic acid

Reduction (Hydrogenation)

1. Aldehyde + H₂ → Primary alcohol

2. Ketone + H₂ → Secondary alcohol

Esterification (condensation)

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol → Ester + water

Hydrolysis

Ester + Water → Carboxylic Acid + alcohol

Forming Amines

1. Alkyl Halide + Ammonia → Primary Amine

2. Alkyl Halide + Primary Amine → Secondary Amine

Forming Amides

1. Carboxylic acid + Ammonia → Primary Amide + water

2. Carboxylic acid + Primary Amide → Secondary Amide + water

0 LP, Steric # 2

Linear

0 LP, Steric #3

Trigonal Planar

1 LP, Steric #3

Bent

0 LP, Steric #4

Tetrahedral

1 LP, Steric #4

Trigonal Pyramid

2 LP, Steric # 4

Bent