Untitled Flashcards Set

What are the major categories of biological macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose). Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides bonded (e.g., sucrose). Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).

What are common anatomical directional terms?

Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep.

Name some types of joint movements.

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, elevation, depression.

What are the parts of a neuron?

Dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals, myelin sheath.

What occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

The motor neuron releases acetylcholine, stimulating muscle contraction.

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Anabolism: Building larger molecules from smaller ones (requires energy). Catabolism: Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (releases energy).

What are the functional and structural classifications of joints?

Functional: Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), Diarthrosis (freely movable). Structural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial.

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy: The study of structure. Physiology: The study of function.

What are the different types of cells in the nervous system?

Neurons: Transmit electrical signals. Glial cells: Support and protect neurons.

What are enzymes and how do they work?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

What is the structure of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, glands (sebaceous, sweat).

What are the main skeletal differences between males and females?

Males generally have larger bones and narrower pelvises; females have a wider pelvis for childbirth.

What are the main categories of glands?

Exocrine (release substances via ducts) and endocrine (release hormones into the bloodstream).

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

What are the levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex?

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

What are the two types of bone formation?

Endochondral ossification (replacement of cartilage by bone) and intramembranous ossification (direct formation of bone from mesenchyme).

What are the main parts of the ear?

Outer ear (pinna, ear canal), middle ear (ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes), inner ear (cochlea, vestibular system).

How does hearing work?

Sound waves vibrate the eardrum, which causes the ossicles to move. The cochlea converts these vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

What are the components of an atom?

Protons, neutrons, electrons.

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

Cation: Positively charged ion. Anion: Negatively charged ion.

What is the normal pH of blood?

7.35 - 7.45.

How does vision occur?

Light enters the cornea, passes through the lens, and is detected by photoreceptors in the retina.

What happens at the molecular level during muscle contraction?

Actin and myosin slide past each other, powered by ATP.

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

Positive feedback: Stimulus is enhanced (e.g., childbirth). Negative feedback: Stimulus is reduced to maintain balance (e.g., temperature regulation).

What are the axial and appendicular skeletons?

Axial: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage. Appendicular: Limbs and their attachments.

What are the categories of bones by shape?

Long, short, flat, irregular.

How do you identify bones in the body?

Know key bones like the femur, tibia, skull, pelvis, scapula, etc.

What are the types of muscle contractions?

Isometric, isotonic, concentric, eccentric.

What are the steps of a reflex arc?

Stimulus → Sensory neuron → Integration center → Motor neuron → Effector.

What factors affect skin color?

Melanin, blood flow, carotene.

What are special vs. general senses?

Special senses: Vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance. General senses: Touch, pain, temperature, pressure.

How do smell and taste work?

Chemical receptors in the nose and mouth detect molecules and send signals to the brain.