BIOLOGY 💀 1ST SEM

unicellular & multicellular

unicellular & multicellular

All living things are composed of one ( ) or more ( ) cells.

Displays all characteristics of life and considered by biologists to be alive

Organism

Living organisms require energy; in the most basic form of

Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP)
This energy is used to carry out cell/life functions: metabolism, locomotion, growth/development or cell division.

All living things reproduce to carry on their

species

Some plants and bacteria reproduce individually via

asexual reproduction

Some plants and animals reproduce through another member of their species via

sexual reproduction

are the codes or sequences that get translated into all types of proteins.
These are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms.

DNA/RNA

Adaptation occurs to best suit the habitat

Adapt to their Environment

All organisms maintain a stable internal balance, also known as (maintain )

This ensures that body systems work at their best levels.

Homeostasis

Derived form photosynthetic bacteria

Solar energy capturing organelle (which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.)

Makes cellular food – glucose

CHLOROPLASTS

Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)

Glucose

Fatty acids

Release energy

ATP

Energy factories ▪Have their own DNA ▪Bound by double membrane

MITOCHONDRIA

small round organelles enclosed by single membranes

carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids

detoxify many poisons that may enter the body

PEROXISOMES

hydrogen peroxide production

oxidation results

specialized peroxisomes in plants, converts fats to sugar

Glyoxysomes

More common in plants than animals. membrane-bound organelles that their function is really to handle waste products, and by handle, mean take in waste products and also get rid of waste products.

Contents: ▪Water ▪Food ▪wastes

VACUOLES

Contain digestive enzymes Functions (types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.)

Aid in cell renewal

Break down old

cell parts

Digests invaders

LYSOSOMES

that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell. Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall

GOLGI APPARATUS

No attached ribosomes. Has enzymes that help build molecules. synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Ribosomes attached to surface. Manufacture proteins. Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER (synthesizes proteins)

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Helps move substances within cells

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

liquid matrix of the nucleus. water and molecules used in constructing ribosomes, nucleic acids etc.

NUCLEOPLASM

Forms ribosomes(primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes). Most cells have 2 or more (have undergone cell division). Directs synthesis of RNA

NUCLEOLUS

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

▪Separates nucleus from rest of cell (serves to separate the chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm) ▪Double membrane ▪Has pore

nuclear membrane

Control center of cell. Double membrane.

NUCLEUS

tightly coiled chromatin

Chromosomes

loosely organized DNA

Chromatin

Functional components within cytoplasm

MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES

composed of RNA and proteins. manufactures proteins(cellular machinery responsible for making proteins). made up of two sub-units: large and small

RIBOSOMES

Pairs of microtubular structures - Play a role in cell division. (ANIMAL CELLS) an organelle that helps cells divide, or make copies of themselves.

Centrioles

All centrioles are made of protein strands called

Microtubules.

Tiny hair-like structures that prokaryotes can use to move. Used to move substances outside human cells (provides motility)

Cilia

Whip-like extensions. Found on sperm cells

Flagella

are small hollow tubes
wall made of: α-tubulin and β-tubulin proteins
widest component of the cytoskeleton (provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell )

MICROTUBULES

▪have no roles in cell movement, purely for structural support ▪maintains the shape of the cell

anchor organelles in place

contains several intertwined strands of fibrous proteins, example: keratin, fibrous protein that strengthens your hair, nails and epidermis of skin

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

functions in cellular movement

MICROFILAMENT

made of two intertwined strands of proteins called

actin (filament

Filaments & Fibers Made of 3 fiber types Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments
3 functions:  mechanical support  anchor organelles  help move substances

CYTOSKELETON

Viscous fluid containing organelles
Components of cytoplasm Interconnected filaments & fibers

Fluid - cytosol

Storage substances

CYTOPLASM

rovides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress

allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.

CELL WALLS

mostly cellulose

Plants mostly cellulose

contain chitin

Fungi

Move molecules in one direction

Channels or transporters

Recognize certain chemicals

Receptors

give structural support to cells, help to form connective tissues and facilitate digestion by producing secretions and mucous in the gastrointestinal tract (passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus)

Glycoproteins

Catalyze production of substances

Enzymes

MOVEMENT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

- Contains cell contents - Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Serve as cellular machinery

ORGANELLES

whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles.

Prokaryote

whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryote

cell contents in thick fluid

Protoplasm

structures for cell function

Organelles

Smallest living unit

CELLS