unicellular & multicellular
All living things are composed of one ( ) or more ( ) cells.
Displays all characteristics of life and considered by biologists to be alive
Organism
Living organisms require energy; in the most basic form of
Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP)
This energy is used to carry out cell/life functions: metabolism, locomotion, growth/development or cell division.
All living things reproduce to carry on their
species
Some plants and bacteria reproduce individually via
asexual reproduction
Some plants and animals reproduce through another member of their species via
sexual reproduction
are the codes or sequences that get translated into all types of proteins.
These are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms.
DNA/RNA
Adaptation occurs to best suit the habitat
Adapt to their Environment
All organisms maintain a stable internal balance, also known as (maintain )
This ensures that body systems work at their best levels.
Homeostasis
Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
Solar energy capturing organelle (which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.)
Makes cellular food – glucose
CHLOROPLASTS
Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP
Energy factories ▪Have their own DNA ▪Bound by double membrane
MITOCHONDRIA
small round organelles enclosed by single membranes
carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids
detoxify many poisons that may enter the body
PEROXISOMES
hydrogen peroxide production
oxidation results
specialized peroxisomes in plants, converts fats to sugar
Glyoxysomes
More common in plants than animals. membrane-bound organelles that their function is really to handle waste products, and by handle, mean take in waste products and also get rid of waste products.
Contents: ▪Water ▪Food ▪wastes
VACUOLES
Contain digestive enzymes Functions (types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.)
Aid in cell renewal
Break down old
cell parts
Digests invaders
LYSOSOMES
that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell. Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
GOLGI APPARATUS
No attached ribosomes. Has enzymes that help build molecules. synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Ribosomes attached to surface. Manufacture proteins. Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER (synthesizes proteins)
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Helps move substances within cells
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
liquid matrix of the nucleus. water and molecules used in constructing ribosomes, nucleic acids etc.
NUCLEOPLASM
Forms ribosomes(primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes). Most cells have 2 or more (have undergone cell division). Directs synthesis of RNA
NUCLEOLUS
the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
▪Separates nucleus from rest of cell (serves to separate the chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm) ▪Double membrane ▪Has pore
nuclear membrane
Control center of cell. Double membrane.
NUCLEUS
tightly coiled chromatin
Chromosomes
loosely organized DNA
Chromatin
Functional components within cytoplasm
MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
composed of RNA and proteins. manufactures proteins(cellular machinery responsible for making proteins). made up of two sub-units: large and small
RIBOSOMES
Pairs of microtubular structures - Play a role in cell division. (ANIMAL CELLS) an organelle that helps cells divide, or make copies of themselves.
Centrioles
All centrioles are made of protein strands called
Microtubules.
Tiny hair-like structures that prokaryotes can use to move. Used to move substances outside human cells (provides motility)
Cilia
Whip-like extensions. Found on sperm cells
Flagella
are small hollow tubes
wall made of: α-tubulin and β-tubulin proteins
widest component of the cytoskeleton (provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell )
MICROTUBULES
▪have no roles in cell movement, purely for structural support ▪maintains the shape of the cell
anchor organelles in place
contains several intertwined strands of fibrous proteins, example: keratin, fibrous protein that strengthens your hair, nails and epidermis of skin
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
functions in cellular movement
MICROFILAMENT
made of two intertwined strands of proteins called
actin (filament
Filaments & Fibers Made of 3 fiber types Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments
3 functions: mechanical support anchor organelles help move substances
CYTOSKELETON
Viscous fluid containing organelles
Components of cytoplasm Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid - cytosol
Storage substances
CYTOPLASM
rovides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress
allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.
CELL WALLS
mostly cellulose
Plants mostly cellulose
contain chitin
Fungi
Move molecules in one direction
Channels or transporters
Recognize certain chemicals
Receptors
give structural support to cells, help to form connective tissues and facilitate digestion by producing secretions and mucous in the gastrointestinal tract (passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus)
Glycoproteins
Catalyze production of substances
Enzymes
MOVEMENT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Contains cell contents - Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Serve as cellular machinery
ORGANELLES
whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles.
Prokaryote
whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryote
cell contents in thick fluid
Protoplasm
structures for cell function
Organelles
Smallest living unit
CELLS