neo-marxism

neo-marxism

developed to explain why capitalism adapted and why the working class failed to achieve revolution in advanced capitalist states.

hegemony

gramsci's term for how the ruling class maintains power by using superstructure institutions to secure consent from the working class.

dual consciousness

gramsci's term for the idea that workers can see both their exploitation and the benefits of the capitalist system.

organic intellectuals

gramsci's term for working-class thinkers who could build a counter-hegemony to challenge capitalist values.

humanistic marxism

gramsci's approach that highlights people's agency and ability to challenge and change society.

structuralist marxism

althusser's theory that the superstructure controls the population via physical and thought control through repressive and ideological state apparatuses (RSA and ISAs).

repressive state apparatus

althusser's concept of physical control via institutions like the police and military.

ideological state apparatuses

althusser's term for institutions like the media, education, and religion that ideologically control the population.

relative autonomy

althusser's idea that different institutions have independence but still contribute to the functioning of the capitalist state.

contradictions in the system

althusser argues that societal change will occur when contradictions and conflicts in the state and institutions render capitalism unworkable.

post-industrial marxism

harvey's analysis of the shift from mass production (Fordism) to flexible post-Fordism, emphasizing the role of knowledge and intellectual property.

globalisation

harvey noted that global interconnectedness, combined with the relocation of production to cheaper labour markets, has led to vast wealth accumulation.

postmodernism and capitalism

harvey argues that the growth of global corporations challenges the power of the nation-state, affecting the Marxist view of the working class as the main revolutionary force.

new revolutionary forces

harvey suggested that movements such as environmentalists, feminists, anti-racists, and groups in the global south may become the main challenges to global capitalism.