World history final study guide

Bolsheviks

small elite group of revolutionaries led by Lenin

Provisional government

• temporary government established after the abdication of the Tsar, before the Bolshevik takeover

• Led by Alexander Kerensky

Slogan for Bolsheviks

"Peace, Land, and Bread"

Central powers

Gernmany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire, Bulgaria

Allies

Great Britain, France, Russiar

Schefflien plan

• Germany defeats France through Belgium and the Netherlands, then moving to Russia

• Lost at the battle of Marne, made the war extend for a longer time

Trench Warfare

A military strategy characterized by fighting from long, deep ditches (trenches) that protect soldiers from enemy fire. It was predominant during World War I, leading to a stalemate on the Western Front.

Eastern Front

The theater of conflict in World War I between the Central Powers and Russia, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. It was marked by significant battles and shifting front lines, with heavy losses on both sides.

Gallipoli campaign

Allies try to seize Dardanelles and Constantinople through the Ottoman empire to have a supply line to Russia

but faced fierce resistance and high casualties, leading to a strategic failure and withdrawal.

unrestricted submarine warfare

• A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels without warning, typically targeting merchant and passenger ships. It was notably employed by Germany during World War I, contributing to the United States entering the war.

• Germany sinks Luisitania —> U.S. involves themselves in war

Total war

Strategy where all of a nation's resources are mobilized for war efforts, affecting civilians and military alike, often blurring the lines between them.

Armistice

• an agreement to stop fighting

• signed after Allies win the second battle of Marne in Paris

fourteen points

A statement of principles for peace to be used for peace negotiations to end World War I, proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.

• First four points- The first four points included an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas free trade, and reduced national armies and navies.

• fifth point- the adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples.

• The sixth through

  thirteenth points were specific suggestions for changing borders and creating

  new nations. The guiding idea behind these points was self-determination. This

  meant allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they

  wished to live.

• 14th point- general association of nations to come together and create an organization of peace (e.g. League of nations)

Treaty of Versailles

• held at Paris peace conference

• the peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and redrawing national borders.

League of nations

• an intergovernmental organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries, as proposed in Wilson's Fourteen Points.

• America was not involved because they believed in isolationism

Nationalism

• unifying force in a country

• caused conflict among the Balkans

Militarism

keeping an army prepared for war

Triple alliance

• An alliance made by Bismarck because he feared power from France

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire, Bulgaria

Triple entente

• Made by Britain as they were alarmed by Germany’s shipbuilding program

• Russia, France Germany

  • Russia joins because of the lapsed treaty

Theory of relativity

• proposed by Albert Einstein

• states that speed and time are relative to the speed of light

• replace Isaac Newton’s theory on absolute laws of time and gravity

Sigmund Freud

• believed human behavior was irrational aka unconcious

• weakened faith in reason

William Butler Yates

stated dark times ahead in “Second coming”

Franz Kafka

Wrote books about people in situations they could not understand or escape

James Joyce

used stream of unconsciousness an uncommon vocabulary

existentialism

• there is no meaning in life

  • led by Jean paul Sartre

Fredrich Nietze

stated that reason, democracy, had stifled with people’s creativity

Cubism

• founded by George Braque and Picasso

  • transformed real life objects into geometric foms

Jazz

New type of developed in America

Charles Lindberch

33hr flight from New York to Parisi

Coalition government

government where multiple parties set up when there is no majority votes

Weimer Republic

• First German democracy

• Lacked democracy tradition

• blamed for the treaty of Versailles & inflation

• there were already many different parties within Germany