History Review Flashcards

These flashcards cover key people, events, and concepts from lectures on The Enlightenment, The Hapsburg-Bourbon Rivalry, Revolutions, Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna, The Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, World War I and II.

John Locke

English philosopher __ defined the natural rights to ‘life, liberty, and property’ in Two Treatises on Government (1660).

blank slates (tabula rasa)

Locke believed that people were born __ and shaped by their life experiences for better or worse.

Thomas Hobbes

Englishman __ wrote Leviathan (1651) and believed that life was ‘short, nasty, and brutish’, so people needed strict laws and strong leaders.

Thomas Jefferson

American Founding Father __ was inspired by Locke in the Declaration of Independence, but he changed the natural rights to ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’.

political, economic, and social

Salons were venues for gathering to talk about __, __, and __ issues.

Baron

The __ de Montesquieu popularized separation of powers/three branches of government and checks and balances in The Spirit of the Laws (1748).

Voltaire

__ promoted freedom of speech and religion in his satirical novel Candide (1759).

Denis Diderot

__ compiled the first Encyclopedia (1772).

The Social Contract

Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote that people and the ruler must respect the laws and if the ruler does not, then the people have the right to revolution in ___ (1762).

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith wrote __ (1776) and promoted the shift from feudalism and mercantilism to free market/trade.

Immanuel

German __ Kant, who coined the term “Enlightenment”, believed in a balance of rationalism and empiricism, reason and experience, book smarts and street smarts.

Cesare Beccaria

The philosopher that most opposed the death penalty and cruel and unusual punishment was Italian __ (our 8th Amendment).

Hapsburg, Bourbon

The /Austrian-/French rivalry was one of the most significant in European history.

Frederick II

During the War of Austrian Succession (1740-48), Hohenzollern Prussian King __ ‘The Great’ challenged Maria Theresa’s claim to the throne.

Britain, Prussia

Rising powers and teamed up against France, Spain, and Austria during the Seven Years’ War.

Marie Antoinette

Maria Theresa arranged for her daughter, __, to be married to Louis XVI.

Lexington, Concord

The American Revolution started with the Battle of and (“the shot heard ‘round the world”).

Patriots

After the 1770 Boston Massacre and 1773 Boston Tea Party, the __ were willing to fight for self-government for the colonies.

Declaration of Independence

After no response to The Second Continental Congress, the Founding Fathers issued the __ written by Thomas Jefferson.

George Washington

Continental Army General __ became the first president in 1789.

Toussaint

__ L’Ouverture, a former slave, led a revolt in Haiti against the French.

Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin

and led a series of revolts in South America against the Spanish.

XIV

The Bourbon King Louis __ (“the Sun King” from 1643-1715) and Louis XV (who said, “after me, the flood”) wasted money on wars and luxuries, including the Palace at Versailles.

Bastille

The French Revolution started with the storming of the __ on July 14th, 1789.

Napoleon Bonaparte

After the French Revolution, __ of The Directory named himself Emperor in 1804.

Congress of Vienna

In 1815, the __ gathered to preserve their power and prevent war.

Baron Haussmann

French architect __ was responsible for the urban renewal in Paris.

Industrial

The __ Revolution (1750-1850 for the First and 1850-1914 for the Second) was an age of transitions.

John Kay and James Hargreaves, James Watt

In the First Industrial Revolution, invented the flying shuttle and spinning jenny respectively, and invented the steam engine.

consumerism

Workers could now buy what they wanted, not just make what they needed; so along with capitalism came __.

Prince Albert, Victoria

introduced Britain and ‘the West’ to the concept of a Christmas Tree (“Oh Tannenbaum”) and popularized the white wedding dress.

Luddites

Radical opponents of industrialization, like the __, raided factories and destroyed the machines that had replaced skilled craftsmen.

Robert Peel

Prime Minister Sir __ created a police force (nicknamed “bobbies”), repealed the Corn Laws, and tried to help Ireland during the Potato Famine.

Cambridge-educated

__ Minister of Parliament William Wilberforce was most responsible for the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.

Cixi

The Qing/Manchu was the last Chinese Dynasty, and Empress Dowager __ was the last true monarch.

1885 Berlin

The ‘Scramble for Africa’ happened at the __ Conference, and Europeans negotiated to share control of the continent.

Cecil Rhodes

British businessman __ tried to connect colonial territory from Cairo to Cape Town; but he was thwarted by Belgian King Leopold II, who took The Congo.

Yaa Asantewaa

In modern-day Ghana, __ was a warrior queen, who pressured King Prempeh to continue fighting the British to maintain Asante/Ashanti sovereignty on the Gold Coast of Africa.

Ethiopia/Abyssinia

__ was not targeted for colonization (except by the Italy) due to its devout Christianity and skill in diplomacy.

Joseph Conrad’s

British author __ Heart of Darkness (1899) is an anti-imperialist novel about Belgian King Leopold II’s abuse of the Congolese.

Roger Casement

__ was an Irish diplomat that worked for the British Foreign Office, and he came to expose and vehemently oppose imperialism.

Constitution

Italians moved to Argentina for the inclusive __.

Ellis Island, Angel Island

The ‘old’ immigration stations in the U.S. were in New York City and in San Francisco.

Alfred Dreyfus

__, a Jewish man in predominately Catholic France was a military officer falsely convicted of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island French Guiana in 1894.

Duma

In 1905, Czar Nicholas II established the __, which was like a Parliament.

Alexander Karensky, Julius Martov, Vladimir Lenin

When the Czar abdicated in March 1917, __, __, and __ competed for control of the Russian government.

land, peace, and bread

Lenin motivated many Russians to fight for communism with his promise of __, __, and __”.

Benito Juarez

__ was the first indigenous leader and he was a reformer.

Austro-Hungarian

The spark that ignited WWI was the June 28, 1914 assassination of the __ Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia.

blank check

When Germany offered Austria-Hungary a __ Russia mobilized to defend their fellow Slavs.

Amiens

After the Battle of __ it was clear that Germany had lost the war.

disillusionment

The Lost Generation described the postwar period of __.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The 1928 __ was a multinational renunciation of war, but it was ineffective in preventing aggression from the totalitarian governments that emerged in the early 30s.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

During WWI, in the 1916 __, the British and French foreshadowed the defeat and breakup of the Ottoman Empire.

Neville Chamberlain

British Prime Minister __ argued for appeasement to achieve “peace in our time”, but this effort to prevent war proved counterproductive.

Berlin Olympics

The 1936 __ and the 1937 film “Triumph of the Will”, directed by Leni Riefenstahl, served as propaganda and indoctrination, Nazification.

Wannsee Conference

After the January 1942 __, the Nazis began forcibly transporting Jewish people from ghettos and concentration camps to death camps.

Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China

__, __, __, and __ were the Four Policemen.

Southeast Asia

Since the Chinese Nationalists and Communists cooperated to fight off the Japanese, the Americans concentrated on __ and the seas.

Manhattan Project

The secret __ was developed under the squash courts at the University of Chicago and tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico.

President Truman

__ who took over after FDR’s death to end the war, had information that up to a million Americans could die in an invasion of the Japanese home islands, so he chose to use the atomic bombs.

the Allies and Axis

By 1943, Italy was divided between and Powers.

Alan Turing

British mathematician __ broken the German Enigma Code and then created the first computer

Rosie the Riveter

When the men were serving as soldiers, the women took over the traditional men’s responsibilities on the homefront and became known as ___ .