LBBBION Long Exam 1

Main objective of scientific papers

To inform

Parts of a scientific paper

Title

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results and discussion

Conclusion

References

How many words do abstracts have?

150 - 200 words

Tenses used in introductions

Past or present; never future

Tenses used in method

Active voice in past tense

Reference according to the worksheet (kind of citations)

CSE

Reference according to the format (kind of citations)

APA 6th

Stand that supports the microscope

Base

A short piece of metal that supports the microscope. it attaches to one end of the base

Pillar

Used for holding the microscope

Handle or arm

Tilting the microscope

Inclination screw

Holds dust shield and nosepiece

Body tube

Upper end of the body tube that bears the eyepiece or ocular lens

Ocular tube/draw tube

Permits the shifting of the objective lenses

Revolving nosepiece

Above the nosepiece to protect objective lenses

Dust shield

Adjusts LPO in focusing

Coarse adjustment knob

Delicate focusing in HPO and OIO

Fine adjustment knob

Where slides are placed

Stage

Found below stage and attached to the pillar; holds the mirror in place

Mirror rack

Eyepiece magnification

10x

LPO magnification

10x

Scanner magnification

4x

HPO magnification

40x

OIO magnification

100x

Below the stage; regulates entry of light

‘ diaphragm

Types of diaphragms

Ins, plate, fan

Lens found immediately below the nose of the stage; concentrates light rays on the specimen

Condenser

Function of a field diaphragm

Also known as Iris diaphragm; regulates entry of light in the condenser

Why use oil in OIO?

Gives higher resolution) prevents blurs

How to store the microscope?

Scanner lens in place

Lower stage

Turn off light source

View in the microscope

Inverted

Does the view in the microscope move to the left if you move the slide to the left?

No, it moves in the OPPOSITE direction

Relationship between magnification and field of view

As magnification increases, field of view decreases

How to calibrate the scanner lens using the stage micrometer

How to calibrate the LPO using the stage micrometer

How to calibrate the HPO using the stage micrometer

How to calculate the size of the cell without a stage micrometer?

Size = field of view (in mm)/number of cells across

How to compute the magnification of drawing from the size of the drawing and its actual size?

Size of drawing/actual size

Compare magnification, contrast, and resolution

Magnification: small objects are seemingly larger

Resolution: ability to distinguish two objects from each other

Contrast: lightness or colorless or transparent specimens relative to the darkness in the background

How to compute for the percent water or moisture

[(fresh weight - dry weight)/fresh weight] x 100

How to compute for percent organic matter

[(dry weight - ash weight)/fresh weight] x 100

How to compute for percent inorganic matter

(actual weight / fresh weight) x 100

Why determine the percent composition of water, organic and inorganic constituents in a living plant?

These results can be important in various fields of plant science, including agriculture, nutrition, and environmental studies, as they provide insights into the composition of living plants and their nutritional content.

What is the Benedict’s test used for?

To determine the presence of reducing sugars.

What are reducing sugars?

The type of sugar that acts as the reducing agent and can effectively donate electrons to some other molecule by oxidizing it. All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are reducing sugars

What sugars in the experiment exhibited a positive result for the Benedict’s test?

Glucose, fructose, maltose, and very low/faint positive result for starch

How to interpret Benedict’s test results

The "hotter" the final color of the reagent, the higher the concentration of reducing sugar. In general, blue to blue-green or yellow-green is negative, yellowish to bright yellow is a moderate positive, and bright orange is a very strong positive

What does the Barfoed’s test assess?

Monosaccharides

What hints at a positive result for the Barfoed’s test?

Dark red precipitate formed

What does the Iodine test prove?

The presence of starch

What signifies a positive result for the Iodine test?

Dark blue in color

What tests the presence of proteins?

The Biuret Test

What signifies a positive result for the Biuret test?

Pink/purple/pink-purple hue from light blue color

What is the test for starch?

Iodine Test

What are predatory journals?

Journals that ask you to shell out a large amount of money to have your article published in their journal

Why is peer-reviewing necessary in scientific papers?

Increases validity and accuracy by having other experts in the field review your paper

What signifies a positive result for the Iodine test?

Dark blue color from its transparent state

Will evaporated milk test positive in the Biuret test?

Yes, since milk contains protein

Will tryptophan and phenylalanine test positive for the Biuret test?

No, because these are amino acids, not proteins

What does the lipid test (residue test) assess?

Used to detect the presence of lipids within substances

Will glycerol test positive for the residue test?

No, since glycerol is an alcohol. It may be important in the formation of lipids, but is not a lipid in itself

Which of these is positive? (Benedict’s Test)

Glucose

Fructose

Maltose

Which of these is positive? (Barfoed’s Test)

Glucose

Fructose

Which of these is positive? (Iodine Test)

Starch

Sudan Test is for what?

If it contains lipids

Is this positive? (Sudan Test)

Yes, the fat is incorporated and mixed well in the solution

Is this a positive result for Sudan Test?

Yes, it clearly split into separate layers

Which are positive?

All

Which are positive?

Almond butter, beans

Which are positive?

Bread, beans

Which are positive?

All

How did the cell came to be?

Robert Hooke studied the cork under a microscope, where he named it as “cells” after he noticed how they resembled the cells that monks used to reside in

Rigid structure that supports the cell

Cell wall

The cell wall is made up of what?

Cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and. glycoproteins

Cytoplasm is__________

a gel-like mixture that fills the cell, excluding the nucleus

it is surrounded by the cell membrane

What is the cell’s command center?

Nucleus

This contains the genetic information of the cell

Nucleus

Why is staining important?

Increases contrast

Why is adding oil in OIO important?

Increases resolution

Creates rRNA to make ribosome and sends mRNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis

Nucleolus

What helps maintain the cell wall’s structure and shape?

Structural proteins

Threads of cytoplasm that passes through cell walls of adjacent cells

Plasmodesmata

What enables communication between adjacent cells?

Plasmodesmata

What glues cells together and is made of calcium and magnesium pectates?

Middle Lamella

Structure of the cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer that has a fluid mosaic model

What prevents the cell from bursting due to pressure?

Cell walls

Permeability of the plasma membrane

Selective permeability/semi-permeable

Functions of the plasma membrane

Transport of molecules

Maintains cell homeostasis

Sends and receives signals to/from other cells

What kind of molecules does the plasma membrane allow to pass through?

Gases (such as O2 and CO2), hydrophobic molecules (such as benzene), and small polar but uncharged molecules (such as H2O and ethanol) are able to diffuse across the plasma membrane

Responsible for the production of food within plant cells

Plastids

Contain photosynthetic pgments

Plastids

Kind of plastid that has the main function of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

Green color of chloroplasts come from ________

chlorophyll

How many chloroplasts can plant cells hold?

300 chloroplasts

Circular movement of organelles around the vacuole which can be counter or clockwise

Cyclosis

What process enables better exchange of materials around the cell?

Cyclosis

Oblong-like bodies that hold carotenoid pigments that exude a bright yellow, orange, or red color

Chromoplasts

Responsible for signaling other organisms in the environment when it’s ripe or ready to pollinate

Chromoplasts

What are the types of plastids?

Chloroplasts

Chromoplasts

Leucoplasts

These do not contain photosynthetic pigments and is often found in plants or parts of plants that require storage for materials

Leukoplasts