History Review Flashcards

The Enlightenment

• John Locke: Defined natural rights as ‘life, liberty, and property’.

• Thomas Hobbes: Believed life was ‘short, nasty, and brutish,’ advocating for strict laws.

• Salons: Gatherings for discussing political, economic, and social issues.

• Montesquieu: Promoted separation of powers (executive, legislative, judicial) and checks and balances.

• Voltaire: Advocated for freedom of speech and religion.

• Adam Smith: Promoted free market/trade (laissez-faire) and the "invisible hand" of supply and demand in his book The Wealth of Nations.

• Immanuel Kant: Coined the term “Enlightenment."

• Cesare Beccaria: Opposed the death penalty and cruel and unusual punishment.

Hapsburg-Bourbon Rivalry, American Revolution, and French Revolution

• Hapsburg/Austrian-Bourbon/French rivalry: Significant conflicts including the War of Spanish Succession and Austrian Succession.

• Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War): Britain and Prussia vs. France, Spain, and Austria, resulting in British dominance in North America and acquisition of India.

• American Revolution (1775-83):

  • Motivated by ‘no taxation without representation’.

  • Key events: Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Battles of Lexington and Concord, Declaration of Independence.

  • Turning point: Battle of Saratoga.

  • Decisive battle: Battle of Yorktown.

• Latin American Revolutions:

  • Leaders: Toussaint L’Ouverture (Haiti), Miguel Hidalgo (Mexico), Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin (South America).

  • Bolivar's Jamaica Letter used Enlightenment principles advocating self-government.

• French Revolution (1789-99):

  • Causes: Royals wasting money, Third Estate demanding greater representation.

  • Key events: Storming of the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

  • Phases: moderate, radical (Reign of Terror), cooldown.

• Napoleon Bonaparte:

  • Named himself Emperor in 1804, enacted reforms, but women had fewer rights under The Napoleonic Code.

  • Defeated at Waterloo in 1815, exiled to St. Helena.

• Congress of Vienna (1815):

  • European leaders gathered to preserve power and prevent war, led by Metternich.

  • Established the Concert of Europe.

Industrial Revolution

• Transition: farm to factory, mercantilism to capitalism, homemade to store-bought, horse to "iron horse."

• Started in Britain (1750-1850), spread to America, Germany, France, and Belgium.

• Britain's advantages: stable government, national bank, resources (coal, iron, waterways).

• Key inventions: flying shuttle, spinning jenny, steam engine.

• Impact: shift to wage earners, consumerism, affordable goods/services.

• Victorian Era (1837-1901): Britain as a superpower.

• Social issues: pollution, unsafe factories, poor living conditions for workers.

• Responses: socialist movements, labor reform, Luddites, Chartists.

• Political reforms: expansion of electorate, education, rights for laborers.

• Abolition of slavery: William Wilberforce and the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.

Later Unification and Modernization

• Italy: Unified by Cavour, Garibaldi, Mazzini, and King Victor Emmanuel II.

• Germany: Unified by Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm I.

• Russia: Industrialized with railroads but lagged technologically.

• Japan: Modernized after being opened to trade by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853, Meiji Restoration.

Industrial Revolution Inventions

• James Watt: steam engine

• Eli Whitney: cotton gin & interchangeable parts

• Alessandro Volta: battery

• Robert Fulton: steamboat

• George Stephenson: train

• Samuel Morse: telegraph

• Alexander Graham Bell: telephone

• Entrepreneurs: Vanderbilt (shipping), Carnegie (steel), Rockefeller (oil), Morgan (banking), Ford (automobiles).

Government Intervention in the Economy

• Adam Smith: laissez-faire economics

• Thomas Malthus: population checks of war, disease, and famine

• David Ricardo: "iron law of wages"

• Jeremy Bentham: government intervention for "the greatest good for the greatest number"

• John Stuart Mill: government intervention to prevent wealth inequality

• Henri de Saint-Simon and Louis Blanc: Government intervention with equal rights.

Marxism/Communism

\text{Marx: “From each according to his will and to each according to his need”}

• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto, class struggle, revolution of the proletariat.

Consequences of Industrialization

• Mass production: cheaper goods, replaceable workers.

• Disparity of wealth: bourgeoisie vs. proletariat.

• Tenements and slums: poor living conditions.

Responses to Industrialization

• Labor unions: fought for better wages, hours, and conditions.

• Key figures: Samuel Gompers, John L. Lewis, Bill Haywood, Lucy Parsons, Mary Harris Jones, Eugene V. Debs.

• Events: Haymarket Square riot, Homestead Steel Mill strike, Pullman Strike.

Motivations for ‘New’ Imperialism

• Shift from ‘God, gold, and glory’ to Christianity, commerce, and civilization.

• Demand for resources: iron, copper, rubber, coal.

• Social Darwinism: “survival of the fittest” applied to humans.

• Alfred Thayer Mahan: Influence of sea power.

British and Dutch East India Companies

• British East India Company: controlled India until the Sepoy Mutiny, Crown took over.

• Opium Wars: Britain introduced opium to China, leading to unequal treaties and loss of Hong Kong.

• Dutch East India Company: controlled Indonesia for spices.

Resistance to Imperialism

• Scramble for Africa: 1885 Berlin Conference, European powers divided the continent.

• Examples: Yaa Asantewaa (Ghana), Herero War (Namibia).

• Ethiopia and Thailand: remained uncolonized.

Global Economic Development and Exploitation

• Belgian Congo: abuse of Congolese people led to deaths and amputations.

• Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness.

• Roger Casement: exposed imperialism and human rights abuses.

U.S. Economic Imperialism

• Hawaii: annexed by the U.S. after deposing Queen Liliuokalani.

• Spanish American War: America took colonies from Spain.

• Banana Republics: spheres of influence for exploitation in Central America.

• Panama Canal: U.S. supported Panama’s independence to gain rights to construct the canal.

Causes and Effects of Migration

• Push factors: religious persecution, famine.

• Pull factors: factory work, free land.

• Globalization: increasing interconnectedness.

• Diaspora: mass migration of people from a home country.

• Immigration stations: Ellis Island, Angel Island.

• Discrimination and xenophobia: Chinese Exclusion Act, White Australia Policy.

Russian Revolution and Mexican Revolution

• Russian Revolution: Czar Nicholas II lost support, Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained power.

• The Romanovs (who had been held captive in Yekaterinburg) were assassinated, and that marked the end of the monarchy in Russia.

• Russian Civil War: Red Army vs. White Army, Red Army won.

• Lenin motivated many Russians to fight for communism with his promise of “land, peace, and bread”

• Mexican Revolution: led by Villa and Zapata against Diaz, resulting in political instability.

• Key figure Emiliano Zapata called for Tierra y Libertad Land and Freedom

Causes of World War One

• Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

• The Balkan Peninsula was “the powder keg of Europe”

Conducting World War One

• New military technologies: tanks, machine guns, poison gas.

• U.S. joined the Allied war effort in 1917.

• Treaty of Versailles: blamed Germany and imposed severe penalties.
  ** Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Point were largely ignored: point was concept of self-determination.

• The new nations created after the war included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Czechoslovakia, and separate Austria and Hungary.
  ** The League of Nations was created : Senate did not approve U.S. membership because many Americans had become isolationists. .

Economy of the Interwar Period

• Great Depression: Germany suffered most due to reparations and hyperinflation.

• Rise of totalitarianism: Fascism in Italy and Germany, Communism in the Soviet Union.

• Joseph Stalin: Five-Year Plans, collectivization, Great Purge, gulags.

• Ottoman Empire: breakup after WWI, British and French mandates.

• Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk): fought for Turkey’s sovereignty and strength through progressive reform, industrialization, and modernization.

Causes of World War Two and Rise of Totalitarianism

• Authoritarian governments: interested in acquiring more territory and censoring those who disagreed with their ideology

• Examples: Japan took over Manchuria and committed the Rape of Nanking, Stalin created a famine in the Ukraine (The Holodomor) Mussolini attempted to colonize Ethiopia and Hitler tested weapons on the Spanish town of Guernica.

• Failure of appeasement: Munich Conference, giving Hitler the Sudetenland.

• Totalitarian leaders: Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, and Hideki Tojo.

• Holocaust was the systematic murder of 6 million Jewish people and 5 million others.
  Invasion of Poland in September 1939 marked the beginning of racially/religious violence against Jewish people.

Conducting WWII

The strategy for defense was island hopping: moving west from Hawaii, conquering islands.

President Truman,who took over after FDR, chose to use the atomic bombs to ultimately save more lives from potential invasion.

The secret Manhattan Project made use of Axis expatriates.

The war began on the 1st of September 1939 after Nazi Germany invades Poland.

After 7 months in 1940 Germany uses its Blitzkrieg, quickly conquering most of mainland Europe. This operation disregards the Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression pact.

On June 22, 1941 Nazis undergo operation Barbarossa and invade the Soviet Union, enacting a two-front war.

The US remains “neutral” until Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, declaring war on Axis Powers.

• Key Events

  • European Theatre

    • Dunkirk Evacuation 1940: Allied forces extracted after the seizure of mainland Europe.

    • Battle of Britain 1940: UK prevails against constant German raids.

    • Battle of El Alamein 1942: Germans defeated in North Africa

    • Battle of Stalingrad 1942: German invasion of Russia ends in catastrophe.

    • D-Day Invasion 1944: Allied invasion to free France from German forces.

    • Battle of Berlin 1945: Last push for capital results in Sovient Victory within Europe.

  • Pacific Theatre

    • Doolittle Raids on Tokyo 1942

    • MacArthur vows return to Philippines 1942

    • The Battle of Coral Sea 1942; This stops Japan from advancing on the Aussies

    • After the Battle of Midway 1942, the US starts to win by naval engagements.
      *Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (8/6 & 8/9/1945)
      *

Death Toll and Atrocities of WWII

In the Holocaust, 11 million people were murdered, 6 million were Jewish and 5 million people targeted for sexual preference , political stance or other reasons.

Besides attacks on Dresden and Tokyo, the Americans did not violate Geneva Conventions, during WWII.

*## America could have done more to prioritize rescue efforts to save European civilians.
For many, there were only 2 months (6 Months Average) before individuals were killed within Germany's prison system.
After the Nazis began losing ground Germany, fascists and members of Croatia and Hungary began mass support for deporting and killing Jews from Europe.
There exist heroes recognized today for assistance towards Jewish civilians. These include, Oskar Schindler and Gino Bartali.

War Crime Trials and Postwar Problems

After WWII, American President FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet General Party Secretary Josef Stalin, met at Yalta to discuss the postwar reorganization of Europe.

The perpetrators of the Holocaust were convicted of war crimes during the Nuremberg Trials.

Due to the Tokyo War Crime Trials, Tojo was executed in 1948 for war crimes; Emperor Hirohito was permitted to maintain his reign through an acknowledgement of non divinity.

Due to serving in WWII, previously subjugated soldiers and persons now take the forefront. These include women factory workers and segregated minority groups such as the Japanese American Regimental Combat Team, The Tuskegee Airmen and The Navajo American Codetalkers.

Although these groups and peoples served many received opposition for fighting in the military.

After the cold war the USSR, Germany, and other previous axis powers, become known political enemies.