Protein Synthesis

What are genes?

Genes are portions of DNA.

How does DNA play a role in determining traits such as eye color?

DNA contains genes, which are portions of DNA that code for proteins. These proteins are responsible for making pigments, such as those that determine eye color. The DNA provides the genetic instructions for producing these proteins, which ultimately result in traits like eye color.

What is the process of protein synthesis and why is it essential for living organisms?

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins. It involves two major steps: transcription and translation. This process is essential because proteins are involved in numerous critical functions, such as transport, structure, enzyme activity, and protection of the body. Without proteins, life could not be sustained.

Explain the difference between transcription and translation in protein synthesis.

Transcription is the first step, where the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. This mRNA carries the genetic code from the DNA out of the nucleus. Translation is the second step, where the mRNA is used as a template to assemble amino acids into proteins. This process occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm.

How do tRNA molecules and mRNA work together in the process of translation to build proteins?

During translation, the mRNA provides the sequence of codons (groups of three nucleotides), which tRNA molecules recognize with complementary anticodons. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid, and as the tRNA pairs with the corresponding mRNA codon, it transfers its amino acid to the growing protein chain. This process continues until a complete protein is built, following the mRNA instructions.

What is a basic description of translation?

RNA makes proteins.