Western Civilization - Chapter 15 Test

What is absolutism?

A form of government in which the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God.

What is the divine right of the king?

The king's get their power from God, until God judges the king

What are parlements?

provincial law courts in France

Who are boyars?

The Russian nobility

Who is a procurator?

the head of the Holy Synod, the chief decision-making body for the Russian Orthodox Church

What is mannerism?

A 16th century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

What is Baroque?

An artistic movement of the 17th century in Europe that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power that was a large part of the seventeenth century ethos

What is the Bill of Rights?

affirmed Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament

What was the Parliament Test Act?

specified that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

What was the Declaration of Indulgence Act?

James issued which, suspended the laws that Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans

What was the Glorious Revolution?

Was a time England embarked, not over the issue of whether there would be a monarchy but rather over who would be monarch

What was the Restoration Monarchy?

Parliament kept power it had won. New Parliament - the Cavalier Parliament. Restored the Anglican Church as the official church of England. Laws were made to force everyone to conform to the church

What was Versialles?

Created by Louis XIV. personal household of the king , the location of central government, and the place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices. Became a symbol of rate French absolutist state and the power of Louis XIV

What were the outcomes of the Thirty Years War?

All German States can choose religion, France makes massive gains, Austrian Hapsburgs do not have as much pull in German Politics, 300 states within the HRE are able to create their own foreign policies, Religion and politics become incompatible, Social, economic and military changes.

What was the Treaty of Westphalia?

Declared all German States, including Calvinist ones were free to determine their own religion, religion and politics were separate, all German States can choose religion, Austrian Hapsburgs do not have as much pull in German Politics, 300 states within the HRE are able to create their own foreign policies, Socio (economical changes), Pope was not involved

What was the Fronde?

Noble Revolt against the rule of Cardinal Mazarin

What was the Edict of Fontainebleau?

Louis didn't want to allow the protestants to practice their faith in France, so he issued this Edict which: provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches, Either convert or leave the country, Jean Baptiste Colbert

How does Peter the Great show absolutism?

Creates the town of St. Petersburg

Who was Moliere?

He wrote, produced, and acted in a series of comedies that often satirized the religious and social world of his time. In Tartuffe, he ridiculed religious hypocrisy.

Who was Peter the Great?

Absolute ruler of Russia. Visits the West, reorganizes armed forces, reorganizes central government - divides Russian into provinces, Seeks control of the Russian Church, Introduces Western Customs - Book of Etiquettes, Positive impact of reforms on Women, Created St. Petersburg, Attacks Sweden - Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia

Who was Louis XIV?

Restructure the Central Government, Versailles, The High Nobility, had problems with internal administration, Religion - Edict of Fontainebleau, Finances was helped by Jean Baptist Colbert, had a professinal army of 100,000 men in peacetime, 400,000 men in wartime

Who is considered gentry?

well-to-do English Landowners below the level of the nobility. They played an important role in the English Civil War of the 17th century

Who was James I?

Was king of Scotland VI but James I in England. House of Stuart, Divine right of King, Parliament and the power of the purse - Parliament showed their disapproval by refusing his requests for additional monies, Religious policies - Protestants in Anglican Church wanted James to eliminate the episcopal system - James refused because he realized that that the church was a major support of monarchical authority

Who was James II?

Devout Catholic, Declaration of Indulgence, Protestant daughters were Mary and Anne, and Catholic son, Parliament invited Mary and her husband, William of Orange to invade England. James II, wife and son flee to France

Who was Charles I of England?

Parliament issued the Petition of Right which prohibited the king to taxation without parliaments' consent. He pursued personal rule which would aid him in collecting taxes without the cooperation of parliament. Religious policy angered Puritans.

Who was Charles II?

During his rule, Parliament restored the Anglican Church as the official church of England. Laws were passed to force everyone to be apart of it but Charles got involved and issued the Declaration of Indulgence - suspended laws that Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans.

Who was William and Mary?

Offered throne, accepted it along with provisions of a declaration of rights, later enacted into law as the Bill of Rights

Who was Shakespeare?

The Globe Theater, apart of Lord Chamberlain's Company

Who was Rubens?

artist during Baroque period - The landing Marie de' Medici Disembarking at Marseilles

Who was Bernini?

Artist during Baroque period - Saint Peter's Basilica at the Vatican, Throne of St. Peter, Ecstasy of St. Theresa

Who was Rembrandt?

Artist during Dutch Realism - Syndics of the Cloth Guide, Night Watch

Who was Gentileschi?

Artist during Baroque Period - Judith Beheading Holofernes

Who was Locke?

Argued against the absolute rule of one man. Wrote the Two Treatises of Government - believed that humans lived then in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war. Believed if government did not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revolt

Who was Hobbes?

lived during the English Civil War - alarmed by the revolutionary upheavals in his contemporary England. Believed To save themselves from destroying each other people contracted to form a commonwealth. This commonwealth placed its collective power into the hands of a sovereign authority - single ruler. People did not have the right to rebel

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

Parliament questioned his power, so he dissolved Parliament and divided the country into 11 regions, each region was ruled by a major general - arbitrary rule.

Who were Hohenzollerns?

Evolution of Brandenburg into a powerful state was largely the work of Hohenzollern Dynasty

What was Habsburg?

Dynasty, wanted to establish a German Empire, but results of 30 years war ended that hope.

Who was Colbert?

Helped Louis XIV manage financial issues.

Who was Mazarin?

Cardinal, ruler of France. The Fronde - noble revolt

Who was Frederick William (the Great Elector)?

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe. Army, Junkers, General War Commissariat to levy taxes, became king of Prussia. He made deal with nobles: in return of free hand in running the government, he gave the nobles - power over their peasants (allowed to appropriate their land and bind them to the soil as serfs), Exemption from taxation, and highest ranks in the army and the Commissariat

Who was Romanov?

Tsar of Russia, was chosen by Semsky Sobor

What was Stuarts?

The restoration of the Stuart monarchy ended England's time of troubles.

Who were puritans?

protestants in the Anglican church wanted James to eliminate the episcopal system

Who were Levellers?

advocated such advanced ideas as freedom of speech, religious toleration, a democratic republic, arguing for the right to vote for all male householders over the age of 21, women's equality with men, Government programs to care for the poor

Why did England move toward a limited monarchy while places like Prussia, Austria, and Russia moved toward a more robust and absolutist monarchy?

Prussia, Austria, Russia, and others all had Peasant Revolts from 1590-1640. Absolutism was present in these countries because of the fear of disorder and breakdown.

What permanent alterations to Europe did the Thirty Years' War make?

What was "new" about Baroque art, and how did it reflect or impact the culture of the seventeenth century?