DMN pt1 Final Review

Which animals have prehensile lips?

Horses, sheep, and goats

Which animals have backward pointing conical buccal papillae? What is the purpose?

Ruminants

Directs food to back of mouth

What muscle forms the major bulk of the buccae?

Buccinator muscle

Which nerve innervates the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles for motor control?

Facial nerve (CN 7)

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Which nerve innervates the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles for sensory control?

Maxillary and mandibular branches of trigeminal nerve

Which arteries provide blood supply to the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles?

Facial artery and maxillary artery

Which bones make up the palatum durum?

Incisive, maxillary, and palatine

The incisive ducts open at _______ and are ducts of the ________ organ

incisive papilla (behind front teeth)

vomeronasal

What is the lampas in horses?

Rostral part of palatum durum that becomes engorged with venous plexus during tooth replacement

The palatum molle lies _____ the epiglottis in most animals but _____ the epiglottis in horses

above

below

Soft palate innervation is via the ______ plexus which is made of CN ____ and CN _____

pharyngeal plexus

glossopharyngeal (CN9)

vagus (CN10)

What arteries are of concern during surgery of the hard palate?

Palatine arteries

The hard palate is ______ in ALL animals

keratinized

What do cattle use as their prehensile organ?

Tongue

This drug can be absorbed sublingually / by buccae in small animals for sedation:

buprenorphine

This drug can be absorbed sublingually / by buccae in horses and calves for sedation:

detomidine

The caudal part of the lingua is attached to the ______

lingual process of the basihyoid bone (hyoid apparatus)

The frenulum lingua is found _____

connecting the body of the tongue to the floor of mouth

The sublingual curuncles are found ______ and they are openings for _______

under the tongue

mandibular and sublingual ducts

What is the most numerous papillae of the tongue?

Filiform (mechanical)

What mechanical papilla is found mostly at base of tongue and are backward pointing?

conical papilla

What are the 3 gustatory papilla?

Fungiform

Vallate

Foliate

What are marginal papillae?

Mechanical papillae in young animals used for suckling

What are lenticular papillae?

Mechanical papillae only found in ruminants on caudal tongue

What is lyssa and where is it found?

A rod shaped fibrous structure embedded in the tongue of carnivores

What does the genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscle do?

Depress and protrude tongue from the mouth

What nerve provides motor innervation to the tongue?

Hypoglossal (CN 12)

What muscles cause retraction of the tongue?

Styloglossus and hyoglossus

Which artery gives rise the facial and lingual arteries?

External carotid artery

The lingual vein and the facial vein join to become the ______ which empties into the ______

linguofacial

external jugular

Sensory innervation to caudal tongue is via:

glossopharyngeal (CN9)

vagus (CN10)

Sensory innervation to rostral tongue is via:

Lingual nerve (trigeminal, CN 5)

What is the torus lingua?

Mound on ruminant tongue that helps with swallowing. Has many conical and lenticular papilla

What is the fossa linguae?

Invagination rostral to the torus lingua, stuff can get stuck here

What is the bulk of a tooth made of?

dentin

What is the hardest part of a tooth?

enamel

what does cementum do?

covers root of tooth and attaches it to the periodontal ligament

What cranial nerve supplies sensory and motor innervation of muscles of mastication?

trigeminal nerve (CN5)

What nerve supplies sensory/motor of upper teeth/mastication?

Infraorbital nerve → maxillary → trigeminal

What nerve supplies sensory/motor control of lower teeth/mastication?

Inferior alveolar nerve → mandibular → trigeminal

Muscles of mastication (closing mouth):

temporalis, masseter, and pterygoideus

Which muscle lowers the mandible and opens the mouth?

digastricus

In carnivores the _____ muscle is more developed and in ruminants the _____ muscle is more developed (for mastication)

temporalis (vertical movement)

masseter (lateral movement)

Eruption of deciduous teeth in horses:

I1: 6 days

I2: 6 weeks

I3: 6 months

Eruption of permanent teeth in horses:

I1: 2.5 years

I2: 3.5 years

I3: 4.5 years

At 5 years old a horses mouth should _____

be full

stars should begin to show (pulp with secondary dentin covering)

A 7 year old horse should have:

a hook on 103 and 203

At 8 years the ____ will be gone

cups / infundibulum

At 10 years all incisors should have visible _____ and the ______ will begin to appear

stars / pulp cavity

galvagnes groove

At 15 years the galvagnes groove will be ______

halfway down I3

What an enamel spot?

Marks the bottom of the infundibulum; appears at 8-10 years

What are the 3 major exocrine salivary glands?

Parotid, mandibular, and sublingual

Where does parotid duct terminate?

At a papilla near upper 3rd-4th cheek tooth

The mandibular salivary gland is located between which 2 veins?

Linguofacial and maxillary vein

The monostomatic sublingual and mandibular salivary glands both have ducts that terminate at the sublingual caruncles, what is a pathology that can occur within the duct?

ranula (cyst within duct)

The polystomatic sublingual gland is _____ with many _____

diffuse

ducts

Horses only have the ______ portion of the sublingual salivary gland

polystomatic

Serous cells have a ____ shape and combine to form an _____. They have lots of ______ (organelle)

pyramidal

acinus

RER

Mucous cells have a _______ shape and have compressed _______

columnar

basal nuclei

The parotid gland has almost entirely _____

serous cells

What ducts does saliva from parotid acinar cells flow through?

Intercalated (intralobular)
Striated (intralobular)

Interlobular

Parotid duct

What do myoepithelial cells do?

Constrict to cause secretion of saliva from acinus

The mandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by:

facial nerve (CN7)

The parotid gland is innervated by the ______ nerve

glossopharyngeal (CN9)

Saliva in acinus is initially _____ with lots of ______

isotonic

NaCl and water

As saliva moves from acinus to ducts, it becomes ______ because the ducts are impermeable to ______ and allow _______ reabsorption

hypotonic

water

NaCl

What is secreted into saliva in the ducts?

Bicarb (in exchange for Cl)

Potassium

Parasympathetic innervation to salivary glands causes release of ____ which causes ______ allowing for more saliva production

nitric oxide

vasodilation

Sympathetic innervation to salivary glands causes _____ of blood vessels and release of more _____ into saliva, making it ______

constriction

protein

denser / thicker

What nerve is primarily in control of the reflex phase of swallowing?

Glossopharyngeal (9)

What occurs in the reflex phase of swallowing?

Soft palate lifts up, larynx closes, bolus moves into esophagus

What is ptyalism / sialosis?

excessive salivation

What are sialoceles and where do they occur?

Saliva filled cyst outside of the duct

What is a salivary cyst that is lined by epithelium called?

ranula

What is a salivary mucocele?

A pseudocyst of saliva that occurs outside the duct

High blood sugar can allow colonization of ______ in mouth /mucous membranes, causing _____

candida spp

thrush

Saliva contains antimicrobial _____ that damages _____ of bacteria

lysozyme

cell wall

What is palatoschisis?

Cleft palate

What is cheiloschisis?

Cleft lip

What can cause stomatitis of oral cavity?

BVD and FIV, uremia, trauma, chemicals

Most common oral neoplasm in older cats; looks like red cauliflower mass:

squamous cell carcinoma

Most common oral neoplasm of dogs; black raised nodule. Poor prognosis.

Melanoma

What would an oral fibrosarcoma look like in cats?

Solitary red fleshy mass

What occurs during amelogenesis?

Deposition of enamel on teeth

Plaque is a ______ biofilm

non-mineralized

Tartar is what occurs when plaque becomes ______

mineralized

Prognathia is protrusion of the:

mandible

Brachygnathia is a ______ mandible

short

What are epithelial cells rest of Malassez? (ERM)

Cells in periodontal ligament that contain stem cells that can help with healing but also may proliferate and form epithelial lining of cyst

What cell causes dentigerous cysts?

epithelial cell rests of Malassez

Canine distemper causes _____ on enamel because it interferes with ameloblasts in young animals

brown spots

Where is the oropharynx?

Between palatoglossal arch and hyoid apparatus

What are the pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

Hyopharyngeus

Thyropharyngeus

Cricopharyngeus

What is a pharyngeal dilator muscle?

Stylopharyngeus

Motor innervation to pharynx is via the _____plexus and _____ nerves

pharyngeal plexus

glossopharyngeal and vagus

Sensory innervation to lumen of pharynx is via:

trigeminal

glossopharyngeal

vagus

Which animals have a pharyngeal diverticulum?

Pigs

What type of epithelium in nasopharynx?

Ciliated columnar

What type of epithelium in oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Stratifies squamous

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils found?

In the nasopharynx