Henry vii - foreign policy

what were henry’s aims for foreign policy?

• national security

• recognition of Tudor dynasty

• defence of English trading rights

what was Britain’s first major involvement with France?

Brittany in 1487

what did France do in 1487 ?

invaded Brittany as they wanted complete control, which alarmed Henry

who ruled Brittany

Duke Francis II and his daughter, Anne

when was the treaty of Redon signed and its significance?

February, 1489. It got Anne to pay for an English army to come and defend Brittany.

what happened to Anne and Maximilian?

The two had a marriage by proxy which aimed to strengthen their political alliance. This meant Max didnt want France invading Brittany. However, Anne was afraid of the French and married Charles VIIIinstead, creating tensions with England.

who did Anne marry

Charles VIII

what happened in 1489 (Brittany)?

• treaty of Redon

• Henry summoned a parliament to raise extraordinary revenue for the army. he did this because of his obligations to Brittany and also because of the threat France gave with control.

when and why was the treaty of etaples signed?

November, 1492. It was signed because Henry invaded France, who were too busy trying to invade Italy to want to fight.

concequences of treaty of etaples

-It made Charles remove PW from France

-made France pay a pension to Henry for raising an army

where did most English exports come from

ports like Antwerp and Bruges in the Netherlands. This meant international relations were important to maintain.

who was the greatest power in Europe ?

France. Rising dynasty was the Habsburg (HRE)

when did max become holy roman emperor

1493. He then passed the jurisdiction of Netherlands to his son, Philip (16 years old)

why was Margaret of burgundy a problem

• sister of the princes in the tower

• widow

• sympathetic towards the Yorkists

• stepson in law was Maximilian of HRE

why did relations bewteen burgundy and england deteriorate?

Burgundy gave shelter to Perkin Warbeck. Henry responded by placing Burgundy under a trade ban.

what was important about the trade ban with b?

it showed how Henry prioritised his dynasty over trading. This angered merchants on east coast and London.

what did the intercursus Magnus do?

1496

it ended the trade embargo with Burgundy

when did Isabella of Castile die

1504

what did isabella’s death lead to?

1506 - the treaty of Windsor, which also involved the intercursus malus

• it also led to Philip and Maximilian handing over the earl of Suffolk (became prisoner in tower of London)

who ruled Spain

Isabella and Ferdinand = Spain very strong

when was the treaty of Medina del campo signed

1489

what did the treaty of Medina del campo offer

• protection from attack

• not allowed to harbour pretenders

• marriage of children (Catherine and Arthur)

what happened in 1499? (spain)

agreements made regarding marriage of CandA

what year did Arthur and Catherine marry?

1501

when did Arthur die?

1502 - Catherine promised to Henry viii, which required a papal dispensation. Ferdinand also didnt need an alliance with the English

what happened in 1504 (spain)?

• Henry lost momentum for the marriage

• Isabella died and Ferdinand withdrew from society = Juana introduced

what did Isabella’s will demand?

larger/more important land given to Juana, whilst Ferdinand went back to Aragon.

when did Philip and Juana end up shipwrecked in england?

1506

Henry took advantage of this situation

what did Henry demand from juana and Philip

• intercursus Magnus (trade relations)

• hand over earl of suffolk

• Henry would marry philip’s sister, Archdutchess Margaret

• recognition of Juana and Philip as true rulers of Castile

when did Philip die

September 1506

= Juana suffered a mental breakdown and ferdinand took control

consequences of ferdinand taking control

• no marriage alliance of Henry viii and Catherine whilst he was alive

• Henry was diplomatically isolated

what years were anglo-sottish relations tense?

1485-1495

when did James IV come of age?

1495

how did James provide hospitality to PW?

• stayed there for 2 years

• married James’ cousin - Lady Catherine Gordon

• pension from king

what happened in 1496?

James encouraged PW to invade England with a small army. It received no support from people of Northumberland and quickly retreated when they heard of an army coming north from Newcastle.

what caused the Cornish rebellion

1497 - Henry tried to raise tax to defeat the army from PW in Scotland.

what was the truce called between Scotland and England?

with the truce of Ayton

when did anglo-sottish relations improve?

1498 onwards

James grew tired on PW (no diplomatic use/tiresome)

who did James marry and when ?

Henry’s daughter - Margaret

in 1503

what was signed in 1502

treaty of perpetual peace

what was the pale ?

the section of land in Ireland the English king controlled

who did power lie with in Ireland?

since 12th century = anglo-norman baron descendants

who were the two main baron families?

Fitzgeralds and Butlers

who was the lord deputy

Earl of Kildare (who had Yorkist sympathies)

since 1477

what years did Kildare support Yorkist claimants?

1486 = simnel (crowned king in may)

1491 = warbeck

who did Henry appoint as lieutenant of Ireland

infant son Henry

who was henry’s deputy in Ireland

Sir Edward Poynings

how did Poynings establish authority ?

bribery

threat of force

Poynings law

tried to implement English law in Ireland

when was Poyning’s law passed

1495 = no law could be passed in Ireland without approval in England

when did warbeck return to Ireland

1495

why did Henry recall poynings

warbeck tried to invade England w Scots

(kildare was deputy)

when and why did Kildare support Henry

in 1496, he saw there was no benefit to supporting the Yorkists. So, he served Henry loyally and even converted some Irish chiefstains.

Wanted to rebuilt family’s fortunes

where did Arthur receive education?

Ludlow in Shropshire

why was henry’s health cause for concern?

• his heir wasn’t of age

• needed to remove earl of suffolk

how did henry’s key advisors respond to his poor health

there was a split in the Council Learned and other key advisors

(Dudley/Empson vs Fox and Lovell)

when did henry’s health deteriorate rapidly ?

February 1509

when did Henry VII die?

21st April

responce to henry’s death?

Fox, Weston and Margaret Beaufort manipulated the terms of succession to best suit them. They excluded Empson and Dudley.

this allowed them to be positioned around the new king

when and who arrested e and d

Henry VIII to gain support at beginning of reign

1509

when did Arthur and Catherine marry?

1501

who did Mary marry?

Louis XII of France

allowed for peaceful relations

who and when did Margaret marry

James IV Scotland

1503

what did the marriage with Scotland allow?

• strengthened alliance

• weakened threat of PW

who did Henry VII try to marry?

• Castile

• Aragon

• HRE

• France

why didnt Henry remarry?

reluctant as he missed Liz