oncology

Cancer

A group of disorders characterized by abnormal cell proliferation in which cell ignore growth regulatining signals in the surrounding environment

What’s the leading cause of cancer related deaths in The us for men

Lung , prostate and colorectal cancer

What’s the leading causes of cancer related death in US for women

Breast , lung, colorectal

Primary prevention

Primary prevention is about reducing the risk of disease through health promotion and risk reduction strategies

Immunization such as HPV and HBV vaccine

Secondary

Early detection, mammography and colonoscopy

Tertiary prevention

Focuses on monitoring for and preventing reoccurrence of primary cancer, as well as screening for development of secondary malignancy in cancer survivors

What age should a woman be screened- Breast screening

women undergo regular screening mammogram fee starting at the age of 45

women ages between 45 to 54 should be screened annually

Cervical

Screening should be done every three years with conventional or liquid based Pap test

colorectal

Men and women between the ages of 45 to 75

Endometrial

Women at menopause

Lung cancer

Current or former smokers quit within the past 15 years, ages between 55 to 74 in fairly good health with at least a 30 pack year history

Prostate

Men at 50

AA men at 45+

Staging

The size of the tumor, the existence of the local invasion, lymph node, involvement and distant metastasis

Grading

The pathological classification of tumor cells grading system seek to define the type of tissues from which the tumor originated, and the degree of which the tumor cells retained the function and histologic characteristics of the tissue of origin

Patient was suspected cancer undergoes, extensive testing to…

Determine the presence and extent of cancer, identify possible disease metastasis, evaluate the function of involvement and un involvement body system and organ, obtain tissue and cell for analysis, including evaluation of tumor stage grade

Prophylactic surgery

Risk reduction surgery p, removes no vital tissues or organs to increase risk of developing cancer

Palliative

Doraku palliative surgery and cancer care is to relieve symptoms and to improve patient’s quality of life

Reconstructive surgery

Reconceive surgery may follow curative or extensive surgery in an attempt to improve functions or obtain a more desirable cosmetic effect

Diagnostic surgery

Otherwise, known as biopsy performed to obtain a tissue sample for histology analysis of cell suspected to be malignant

Surgery as primary treatment

when is the primary approach in treating cancer The goal is to remove the entire tumor as much as feasible, as well as any of all surrounding tissues, including regional lymph nodes

Radiation therapy what are 2 types of ionizing radiation

Electromagnetic radiation like x-rays and gamma rays

Particulate radiation (electrons, beta particles, protons, neutrons, and alpha particle)

Read therapy external

it’s commonly use form of radiation therapy, the energy is generated either from the linear accelerator or from a unit that generates energy directly from a core source a radioactive material such as gamma knife, TM unit

Radiation therapy internal

Includes localization of implantation or systemic radio, nuclei administration, needles or rods seeds, beads, ribbon, or catheters place into the body cavities, such as vagina and abdomen

Radiation therapy toxicity

A toxicity is unfavorable and unintended sign or condition associated with cancer treatment, toxicity associates with radiation therapy, most often localized in regions, for example, alopecia or radio dermatitis

What does protecting caregivers mean?

When the patient has a radioactive implant in place, the nurse or other healthcare professionals need to protect themselves as well as the patient from the radiation

What are safety precautions used in caring for a patient receiving brachytherapy

Assigning the patient to a private room.

Posting appropriate notices about radiation safety precaution

Making sure that the staff pregnant members are not assigned to the patient care

Prohibiting visits by children or pregnant visitors

Limiting visits from other others to 30 minutes daily

Seeing the visitors maintain a 6 foot distance from radiation source

Chemotherapy.

Involving the use of antineoplastic drugs in an attempt to destroy cancer cells by interfering with cellular functions, including replication and DNA repair

To treat systemic diseases

Stomatitis

Common side effect of radiation, a form of mucositis, is an inflammatory process of the mouth, including the mucosa and tissue surrounding the teeth.

Radiation associated impairment of skin integrity

….

alopecia

Temporarily or permanent thinning or complete loss of hair is potential adverse effect of whole brain radiation therapy

Malignant skin lesions

May occur with local extension or metastasis of tumor into the epithelium and surrounding lymph and blood vessels

What should nurses do carefully when assessing malignant skin lesions

Size , appearance, conditions of surrounding tissue, odor, bleeding drainage , associated pain or other symptoms