Unit XV: The New Imperialism- Europe's World Supremacy

colony

areas directly goverened by European states and their appointed government officials

protectorate

areas where the native chief/sultan/bey/rajah/prince was maintained and guaranteed against internal upheaval/external conquest BUT a European Commissioner usually told them what to do, thus protecting European interests

sphere of influence

divisions of countries where no single European country could stake its claim; supposedly left the country independent but each area of influence from outside countries undermined its sovereignty

"sheltered markets"

argued that each industrialized nation should develop a colonial empire in which the home country would supply manufactured goods in return for raw materials, thus creating a large self-sufficient trade unit

neomercantilism

the phase of imperialism promoting sheltered markets because it revived (in substance) the mercantilism/national economic systems of the 16-18th centuries

"surplus capital"

money they could afford to invest for future profits

J.A. Hobson

English socialist who criticized the global economic system, wrote an influential book on imperialism in 1903

Joseph Chamberlain

British statesman; came to believe that the national community should take better care of its members and that the British empire should take better care of its Britons

"Imperialism, The Highest State of Capitalism"

written by Lenin in 1916; ascribed imperialism to the accumulation of surplus capital and condemned it on socialist grounds

White Man's Burden

Manchu dynasty

the Chinese imperial government that was more interested in isolating and controlling the strange "sea barbarians" than pursuing commercial exchange

Treaty of Nanking, 1842

forced the Chinese imperial government to cede Hong Kong to Britain forever, pay an indemnity of $100 million and open up four

large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs

Matthew Perry

commodore who steamed into Edo (now Tokyo Bay) in 1853 and demanded diplomatic negotiations with the emperor; led to signing of treaty between Japan and U.S. that opened ports and permitted trade

Muhammad Ali

Albanian-born Turkish General who was appointed governor of Egypt and began Westernizing it

Ismail

Muhammad Ali's son who tried to Westernize Egypt but also led Egypt to be eventually taken over by British by overborrowing from Great Britain and France

Suez Canal

supported by Ismail and completed in 1869 by a French company

Cecil Rhodes

led the British in their imperialist in Africa

Boer War

(1899-1902) fought between Afrikaners and British: British won and established a new Union of South Africa

Leopold II of Belgium

energetic, strong-willed monarch with a lust for distant territory: intruded into the Congo area of Africa (Central Africa) through others; caused much death in the areas he helped invade

1857 mutiny

the last of the "traditional" responses to British rule in India which was spread by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries throughout northern and central India

Indian National Congress

coming together of educated Indians who demanded increasingly for the equality and self-government that Britain enjoyed (radicals called, however, for complete independence of the Indians)

Meiji Restoration

(1867) restored the political power to the emperor (done by patriotic samurai) which led to the westernization of Japan

Open Door Policy

the United States' policy that opposed formal annexation of Chinese territory

Boxer Rebellion

the fighting of a secret society against foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians which led to the occupation/plunder (by imperialist powers) of Peking and a heavy indemnity

Treaty of Portsmouth

through this, Japan recovered (from Russia) what it had won/lost in 1895 (namely Port Arthur, Liaotung Peninsula, a preferred position in Manchuria and protectorate in Korea and southern half of Sakhalin island)

Anglo-Japanese alliance

British and Japanese alliance and it was one of the ways that Great Britain had used to respond to their international isolation this lasted 20 years

Chinese eastern railway

China allows Russia to build through Manchuria and Vladivostok, but implied special zones, railway guards, mining and timber rights and other auxiliary actions. This angered Japan because they felt as a Russia was taking fruits of labor.

Ottoman Empire now

Sick man of Europe

The Eastern Question

The question of who will benefit from the crumbling Ottoman Empire. The Great Powers are like vultures circling a corpse. Which will dive first to pick over the bones of the Ottomans.

Congress OF Berlin 1878

Russia is again pressing into ottoman territory. Has partition of Ottoman territory as Serbia, Romanian, Montenegro become independent. Bulgaria gains autonomy. Austria-Hungary allowed to occupy and administer Bosnia

Imperialism in China

during Manchu Dynasty during this time, the government restricts trade, especially in opium and the opium wars occurred, which is one Great Britain occupied several cities and forces opium trade upon them on China specifically and the treaty of Nanking 1842 happens. We're great. Britain gets Hong Kong and forces Chinese. During this time privileges given to European merchants.

imperialism in Japan

they had always secluded themselves from Europe, but the US opens Japan in 1853 and West merchants are given privilege and trade access

imperialism in Egypt

Starts with Muhammad Ali, who modernize Egypt by bettering the army government and communication. This attracts Europeans and investments it leads to his son Ismail who continues development. He creates an enormous debt and cell shares in Suez Canal to Great Britain. This allows the French and British to assume control of Egypt's finances which leads to nationalist agitation and the 1882 riots, the British put down the uprising and assume temporary occupation of Egypt.

The Scramble for Africa

was known to euro as the dark continent because they only knew the country by its coast Leopold the second of Belgium forms the international Congo Association in 1878 and private enterprises for resources mainly rubber later on Cecil Rhodes comes in and conquers South African territory in hopes of connect Egypt to South Africa, but isn't completed

The African Berlin conference 1884/85

it was done by Bismarck, who had put in effective occupation, which meant that they needed people in the territory, and there was no war between Europeans for the territory. Countries came in and took what lens they wanted and left, and Bismarck purposely made it where Germany didn't get anything for his plan

Response to imperialism India

Rebellion and mutiny in 1857 causes England to change their approach which allows Indians and silver service but this gives Great Britain crown to control India later on the Indian Congress nationalist group is created

Response to imperialism in Japan

The magic restoration in 1867 occurs and there's a dramatic, Modernization and transformation of Japanese society and they defeat China in 1895

The Russo Japanese war

A war between Russia and Japan in 1904 to 1905 over control of Manchuria and Korea Japan defeats Russia and Europeans are astounded. That whites are defeated by non-whites the major effects Are Russia such sites on Bacons which is a cause to World War I, our government in Russia weekend, which leads to the Russian revolution of 1905 and subjugated people's realize they need to learn to play the European game this means to modernize on their own terms which leads to the revolt of Asia