AGR 275: Lipids, vitamins and minerals

Lipids are generally what?

non-polar, organic compounds, fats

What are lipids used in?

energy storage, formation of cell membranes, and cell communication

What are Triglycerides used for?

energy storage

What are phospholipids used for?

cell membrane

What are steroids used for?

cell signaling

What are waxes used for?

protective coating

What are composed of fatty acids and a backbone, they are the building block of lipids

triglycerides and phospholipids

glycerol backbone + fatty acid chains

triglycerides

glycerol + phosphate backbone + fatty acids

phospholipids

chains of carbon that are attached to hydrogen atoms

fatty acids

Can be free or attached to a backbone structure, one end is a carboxyl group

fatty acids

Filled with hydrogens

saturated fatty acids

not completely filled with hydrogen atoms

unsaturated fatty acid

those that cannot be produced by the body

essential fatty acid

Two essential fatty acids

linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

fatty acids are broken down by _____-_______

beta-oxidation

What happens during beta-oxidation

two carbons are snipped off the end of the chain, forms acetyl-CoA, enters the citric acid cycle and makes ATP

_____ is the breakdown of glucose into acetyl-CoA, same end result

glycolysis

Storage form of fatty acids in the body

triglycerides

Three fatty acids + glycerol

triglycerides

three carbons with hydroxyl group

glycerol

what is glycerol used for in the body

energy

considered an essential nutrient

triglycerides

fatty acid composition high in saturated fatty acids

hard

straight chains without bends from double bonds, allows for close packaging of fatty acids -> high melting point

hard

unsaturated fatty acids due to kinks caused by double bonds, lower melting point due to not being able to pack tightly

soft

Oils are liquid at room temperature because of

composition of unsaturated fatty acids

____ fats are composed of fatty acid chains linked to glycerol

true

saturated fatty acids -> cardiovascular disease

human

varies and is more about digestibility and energy value

animals

who prefers saturated fatty acids, unsaturated can kill rumen microbes

ruminants

who prefers unsaturated fatty acids but only to a point

monogastric

Builds cellular membranes, cellular signaling, considered a minor non-essential nutrient

phospholipids

Glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate

phospholipid

phosphate head

hydrophilic

can bind to other things creating different types of phospholipids

negative charge

Phospholipids will be broken down into

fatty acids

Lipid + sugar/s

glycolipids

used in structure and cellular signaling, minor/non-essential nutrient

glycolipids

not generally considered a nutrient but still a lipid, 4 rings of carbon attached to each other

steroids

_____ are broken down and/or not absorbed so they don't really do much from a nutrition standpoint

steroids

Phytoestrogens and mycotoxins can ____ steroids and cause reproductive issues at high levels of pH

mimic

protective function found in plants and animals that consist of fatty acids and long chain alcohol, hydrophobic, serve as a source of energy

wax

lipids made up of isoprene chains

terpenes

what give plants odor/flavor with components of essential oils, may affect palatability in livestock in a negative way

terpenes

naturally inflammatory, improve rumen fermentation efficiency

terpenes

What is used in soap that is dangerous?

lye (sodium hydroxide)

term originally comes from vitamins->

vital amines

The name changed to vitamins because very few have

amino-nitrogen

organic compounds, needed in small amounts

vitamins

involved in biochemical pathways as coenzymes

vitamins

There are __ essential nutrients

13

Vitamins are labeled one of two things. What are they?

fat soluble or water soluble

these dissolve in fat and are hydrophobic, stored in body fat and the liver-> don't need them daily because they can be stored

fat soluble vitamins

These dissolve in water, polar, can't be stored and excess is excreted in waste

water soluble vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

water soluble vitamins

B, C, Choline

most stay how they are and are absorbed into the body, but they don't have to be separated from the other nutrients

vitamins

These are inorganic and solid substances

minerals

Required in small amounts, not digested into building blocks

minerals

Macronutrients:

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur

micronutrients:

manganese, zinc, iron, copper, molybdenum, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride