CIS unit 4 dates and whatnot

Mexican-American War

• Who: United States under President James K. Polk vs. Mexico

• Where: Texas, New Mexico, California, Mexico City

• When: 1846–1848

• Treaty of Guadalupe

• manifest destiny

Compromise of 1850

• Who: Henry Clay, Stephen Douglas, Congress

• Where: United States federal government

• When: 1850

• 5 laws

• california = free, utah and new mexico = pop sovereignty, washington dc = slavery maintained

• strict fugitive slave act

• temporarity postponed civil war

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Who: Senator Stephen Douglas, Congress

• Where: Kansas and Nebraska territories

• When: 1854

• overturning missouri compromise

• “bleeding kansas”

• bye Whig Party, hello republican party

• no more peace

Dred Scott v. Sandford

• Who: Dred Scott vs. U.S. Supreme Court

• Where: United States Supreme Court

• When: 1857

Harpers Ferry

• Who: Abolitionist John Brown and 21 followers

• Where: Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia)

• When: October 16–18, 1859

• raid on federal arsenal

• local militia and us marines, led by Lee

• violence only solution

• martyr for north

Fort Sumter

• Who: Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard vs. Union garrison under Major Robert Anderson

• Where: Charleston Harbor, South Carolina

• When: April 12–14, 1861

• 34 hour bombardment

• 75k volunteers union

• other southern states to secede

Battle of Antietam

• Who: Union forces under General George McClellan vs. Confederate Army under General Robert E. Lee

• Where: Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland

• When: September 17, 1862

• bloodiest single day battle(~23k casualities)

• Union solider found lee’s military operation

• preliminary emancipation proclamation

• halting south’s first northern invasion

• prevented European support

Emancipation Proclamation

• Who: President Abraham Lincoln

• Where: Confederate-held states (excludes Union border states)

• When: Issued January 1, 1863

• depriving south of enslaved labor

• withhold European nations

• enlist in military

• groundwork for 13th amendment

Homestead Act

• Who: U.S. Congress and settlers(Abraham Lincoln signed)

• Where: Western territories of the United States

• When: 1862

• 160 acres

• 5 years to live and improve

• required building home and farming the land to earn ownership

• strengthen economy

• populate west with union supporters

• displaced Native Americans

Battle of Gettysburg

• Who: Union forces vs. Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee

• Where: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

• When: July 1–3, 1863

• bloodiest battle(~51k)

• Lee’s 2nd northern invasion attempt

• Lee hoped to just threaten DC since northern morale was already crippling

• Most significant battle and massive vicotry for north

• If confederate won, dc could fall and if union won, it would be a turning point since the confederates would run out of steam

• Gettysburg address

Battle of Vicksburg

• Who: Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant vs. Confederate defenders

• Where: Vicksburg, Mississippi

• When: May–July 4 1863

• assert dominance over strategic transport routes

• total control of Mississippi river

13th Amendment

• Who: Congress and states

• Where: United States

• When: Ratified 1865

• abolish slavery and involuntary servitude, except punishment for crime

• permanently freed all enslaved people

• ensure permanent union moral victory

• lays legal groundwork for 14th and 15th amendments

Appomattox Court House

• Who: Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union General Ulysses S. Grant

• Where: Appomattox, Virginia

• When: April 9, 1865

• exhausted, out of supplies, avoid unnecessary bloodshed, maintain dignity

Sharecropping

• Who: Freedpeople and Southern landowners

• Where: Southern United States

• When: Post-Civil War, late 1860s until the mid 20th century

• southern landowners needed labor to maintain agricultural production

14th amendment

• Who: Congress and states

• Where: United States

• When: Ratified 1868

• citizenship

• due process and equal protection under the law

• Overturn Dred Scott

• protect African Americans from Black Codes

• federal authority over civil rights enforcement

• ensured citizenship and rights were constitutionally guaranteed

• civil rights in future

Black Codes

• Who: Southern state governments

• Where: Former Confederate states

• When: 1865–1866

• limiting movement, employment, and access to courts

• prompted radical reconstruction and 14th and 15th amendments

15th amendment

• Who: Congress and states

• Where: United States

• When: Ratified 1870

• voting rights to all male citizens regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servtitude

• future civil rights

Ku Klux Klan

• Who: White supremacist organization formed by former Confederates

• Where: Southern states

• When: Founded 1865

• jim crow laws

Bargain of 1877

• Who: Republicans (Rutherford B. Hayes) and Democrats in Congress

• Where: United States

• When: 1877

• 1876 election

• prevent constitutional crisis, civil unrest, and potential violence over election results

• reversed many gains

• allows southern democrats to impose segregation, jim crow laws, etc.