HRM exam 1

5 types of OB Research methods

meta-research field studies lab studies sample surveys case studies

OB

the systematic study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within organizations where they work

Human capital

the productive potential of a persons knowledge and actions

Social capital

the productive potential of a strong, trusting, and cooperative relationships

Types of fit

person-job

person-organization

_____ is a person's belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.
a. Self-concept
b. Self-efficacy
c. Self
d. Cognition
e. Personality

B

Job design, training and development, self management and goal setting are all ways in which management can improve employees' ____.
a. self-efficacy
b. cognitions
c. posture
d. private self
e. self-monitoring

A

Which of the following is not a dimension of the Big 5 framework of personality?
a. extraversion
b. agreeableness
c. conscientiousness
d. self-esteem
e. openness to experience

D

Which of the following statements about biased decision making is true?

A. Hindsight helps you correctly assess what you should have known beforehand.

B. When you are making a decision and you have considerable experience in that area, you are then most likely to be overconfident.

C. When confronted with a choice, people with strong prior beliefs tend to make their decisions based on their beliefs even if their beliefs are false.

D. Sometimes a single event can allow you to determine the trend.

E. You could confidently make a decision about something by asking 20 of your friends and deciding based on their preferences.

C. When confronted with a choice, people with strong prior beliefs tend to make their decisions based on their beliefs even if their beliefs are false.

Which of the following is a step in the rational decision-making model?

A. Seek consensus among leadership.

B. Identify the problem or opportunity.

C. Improve the chosen solution.

D. Test solutions on a small scale.

E. Implement a holding pattern.

B. Identify the problem or opportunity.

The rational model of decision making is also called the ______ model.

A. Balanced

B. satisficing

C. Incremental

D. classical

E. intuitional

D. classical

Diagnosis is used in which stage of the rational decision-making model?

A. Identify the problem or opportunity

B. Think up alternative solutions

C. Evaluate alternatives

D. Select a solution

E. Implement a solution

A. Identify the problem or opportunity

Nicole and other managers in her firm have some ties to Europe and are investigating opportunities for global expansion. They are struggling to understand the risks, given the complexity of world markets today and recent global instabilities. The difficulty Nicole's team is facing prevents perfectly rational decision making, and is an example of

A. risk aversion.

B. bounded rationality.

C. groupthink.

D. defensive avoidance.

E. anchoring and adjustme

B. bounded rationality.

bounded rationality model

recgonizes the limitations of decision-making processes; individuals knowingly limit their options to a manageable set and choose best alternatives without conducting an exhasutive search for alternatives

satisficing

accepting the first alternative that meets minimum criteria

optimize

choose the best decision possible

availability heuristic

The tendency to bas decisions on information that is readily avaliable in memory

confirmation bias

the tendency to base decisions on information that is readily avaliable in memory

Overconfidence bias

The tendency to be over-confident about estimates or future events

hindsight bias

The tendency to see events that have occurred as more predictable than they in fact were before they took place

anchoring

The tendency to be overly influenced by a single piece of information, even if it is irrelevant

framing bias

The tendency to be influenced by the way a question is asked or presented

Goal setting summary

set specific goals

set challenging goals

Set up feedback mechanism

Equity theory

Motivation is a function of fairness; people compare their inputs and outputs with others

distributive justice

perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed

procedural justice

perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make decisions

interactional justcie

perceived quality of the interpersonal treatment people received when procedures are implemented

Types of incentives

organization -gainsharing, profit sharing, stock options

individual—individual bonus, merit pay, commission

group/team -team bonus, awards

skill variety

extent to which a job requires a person to use high level skills

task identity

the degree to which a job requires the completion of a whole and indentifiable piece of work.

task significance

the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and indentifibale piece of work

autonomy

degree to which a person has the freedom to decide how to perform his or her tasks

ABC model

autonomu, belonging, competence

prosocial motivation

The desire to expend effort to make a positive choice in the lives of others

Alexis manages a clothing store in the mall. They were understaffed, and she thought she would have to work all day and help close the store that evening until a young man came in for an application around noon. Alexis told him he could have the job if he could come back at 4 p.m. to begin work. Here, Alexis was engaged in


A. relaxed avoidance.

B. confirmation bias.

C. satisficing.

D. heuristics.

E. analytics.

C. satisficing.

Which of the following is NOT a hindrance to perfectly rational decision making?

A. Conflicting goals

B. Imperfect information

C. Information overload

D. Limited cognitive capacity

E. Lack of intuition

E. Lack of intuition

The incremental model of decision making suggests that managers make decisions by

A. using processes that have worked in past experience.

B. experimenting with alternatives in a controlled setting, one by one.

C. choosing something that is "good enough."

D. taking small steps to alleviate a problem.

E. involving several lower-level employees.

D. taking small steps to alleviate a problem.

Jerome's accounts payable department is behind schedule as the month-end close is approaching. This has been happening every month, but he hasn't found time to provide additional training. Instead he asks all of his employees to work eight hours of overtime that week and reassigns some tasks. This is an example of using the ________ model.

A. rational

B. predictive

C. intuition

D. Incremental

E. coalition

D. Incremental

Making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical interference is called

A. reactive decision.

B. irrational insight.

C. intuition.

D. instinctual choice.

E. heuristics.

C. intuition.

A graph of decisions and their possible consequences is known as a(n)

A. decision tree.

B. Gantt chart.

C. results chart.

D. outcome matrix.

E. fishbone diagram.

decision tree

The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to do what is necessary for the success of a task is known as self-actualization

T/F

F

____ is the belief that outcomes is related to the performance and the question " Are the outcomes valuable to me?"

A. Valence
B. Self-efficacy
C. Expectancy

Valence

According to the equity theory, the process of thinking in a different way without changing one's behaviors to regain mental balance is known as

A. Self-actualization
B. Self-recognition
C. Cognitive distortion
D. Self-balancing

C

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ____ is the needs for accomplishment and recognition.

A. Self-actualization
B. Esteem
C. Basic needs
D. Meaning

Esteem

Which of the following is not the sources of self-efficacy?

A. Vicarious experiences
B. Emotional cues
C. Verbal persuasion
D. Future accomplishments

D

Which of the following sources of self-efficacy describe the following example: Peter has seen many of his friends who have finished the graduate studies from the same school he is attending and found high-paying jobs.

A. Vicarious experiences
B. Self-determination
C. verbal persuasion
D. past accomplishments

A

Amanda is very nervous giving her presentation in front of the whole company because she has not spent much time preparing for it. Which sources of self-efficacy does this describe?

A. emotional cues
B. past accomplishments
C. verbal persuasion
D. vicarious experiences

A

Google Inc. welcome all employees to participate in the decision-making process. The company values the feedback and suggestions given by the employees who in turn are pleased that they are able to express their opinions freely. Which of the following dimensions of justice is the company promoting by giving its employees voice?

A. informational justice
B. procedural justice
C. distributive justice
D. interpersonal justice
E. retributive justice

B

Peter, owner of Little Tikes, regularly uses abusive and derogatory words when dealing with his subordinates. From this scenario, it can be concluded that workers at Little Tikes lack ___

A. distributive justice
B. informational justice
C. procedural justice
D. interpersonal justice
E. restorative justice

D

Peter likes to tell jokes during meetings, Others laugh, but it really does slow down the meetings. Tony, Peter's manager, has asked other meeting members to refrain from laughing when Edgar tells a joke in future meetings. Tony is hoping Peter will stop wasting time with the jokes. Tony is using extinction to change peter's behavior

T/F

T

In the final stage of the rational model of decision making, you should

A. provide justification for the choice.

B. select a solution.

C. seek high-level support.

D. evaluate the results.

E. identify the winners and losers.

D. Evaluate the results

Which of the following is an assumption upon which the rational model of decision making rests?

A. Decision makers can logically evaluate the alternatives.

B. Consequences of any actions cannot be known.

C. Decision makers typically have emotional blind spots.

D. A decision maker will choose the option that is most ethical.

E. Decision makers are unable to process all of the available information.

A. Decision makers can logically evaluate the alternatives.

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

a. Tony has to finish the task because if he does not, he will lose the job.
b. Amanda decided to take an extra marketing course because she loves to know more about the subject.
c. Peter has just finished his homework as part of the requirement even though he does not like it.

B

Hannah is a sale representative and her company has just raised the goal for a bonus to be 5% higher than last quarter. She is working in a problem-solving plans known as ___ to achieve this new goal.

A. task strategies
B. Tast tactics
C. Task performance
D. Task complexity

A

The belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives is which dimension of trustworthiness?


A. Affect
B. competence
C. benevolence
D. trust propensity
E. ability

C

The theory argues that people in organizations can learn through the observation of others is ___

A. social learning
B. learning life cycle
C. bounded rationality
D. social identity

A

When employees observe others and learn from what they see, and then repeat what they learn, they are engaging in

A. structural modeling

B. behavioral modeling

C. extrinsic learning

D. hierarchical learning

B

Person-Job Fit:

the degree to which a persons skill, knowledge, abilities, and other characteristics match the jobs demands

Person Organization Fit

The degree to which a persons values, personality, goals, and other characteristics match those of the organization

When does being a poor cultural fit (i.e., low person-organization fit) Not decrease job satisfaction?

When there is

A strong relationship with supervisors

Perceived organizational support

Realistic Job Previews

Present both positive and negative aspects of a job to prospective emmployees

What is Personality?

is a stable set of dispositions: preferences for how we feel, think and act

Measuring Personality: The Big Five

Openness to Experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Conscientiousness

How disciplined, orderly, and driven an individual is in approaching goals and situations

Extraversion

The degree to which a person is outgoing, talkative, and sociable, and enjoys being in social situations

_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.
A. Decision making
B. Learning
C. Intuition
D. Consensus
E. Heuristics

A

Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience?

A. Decision making

B. Learning

C. Intuition

D. Consensus

E. Heuristics

B

Which of the 5 personality traits is the best personality predictor of job performance in general?

Conscientiousness

Self-Monitoring

The ability to observe ones own behavior and adapt it to the expectations of the situation

Internal locus of control

The belief that one controls the events and consequences affecting ones life

External locus of control

The belief taht outcomes and cirumstances are beyond one’s control, and are due to environmental causes, luck, fate, or deity.

Terminal Values

refer to desired end states that you want to reach in your life

Instrumental Values

refers to acceptable modes of conduct and are the ways you seek to achieve your terminal values

Rationality

People think they optimize: choose the best possible solution

Bounded Rationality

People often satisfice: a solution that is “good enough”

Analysis Paralysis

The state of getting caught up in gathering information, comparing options, or trying to make a “perfect” choice that you delay or avoid taking action—even when you have enough information to move forwad

Peter tends to rely heavily on one source of information when making decisions. He is making which of these biases?

A. availability bias
B. confirmation bias
C. anchoring
D. framing

Anchoring

Anchoring Bias

the tendency to be influenced by a single piece of information, even if it is irrelevant

Framing bias

The tendency to be influenced by the way a question is asked or presented

Escalation of Commitment

The tendency to increase one’s level of commitment to a priori decision, regardless of sunk costs

Overconfidence Bias

The tendency to be over-confident about estimates or future events

External Self

What you do, Career-oriented, ambitious. Wants to build, create, discover, Conquer the world, Asks how things work

Direction of effort:

What goals are being pursued and with what clarity?

Intensity of effort

How hard is someone trying to achieve something?

Persistence of effort

How long will someone try - despite challenges, setbacks?

agreeableness

The degree to which we are concerned with social harmony and take others’ opinions into account

conscientiousness

How disciplined, orderly, and driven an individual is in approaching goals and situations

extraversion

The degree to which a person is outgoing, talkative, and socialable and enjoys being in social situations

The goal isnt to change your personality but to

expand your comfort zone

self-monitering

The ability to observe one’s own behavior and adapt it to the situation

self-efficacy

one’s belief that they can perform a task successfully, increases the intensity and persistence of your efforts

proactive personality

inclination to fix what is wrong

self esteem

degree to which a person has overall positive feelings about his or herself

System 1

The intuitive, automatic, unconscious, emotional, and fast way of thinking (instinctive)

System 2

The deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking

analysis, reasoning, contemplation

Satisficing

accepting the first alternative that meets minimum criteria

Optimize

choose the best solution possible, finding the perfect decision

Confirmation bias

the tendency to seek information that confirms (but does not contradict) one’s preconceived notions

Overconfidence bias

The tendency to be over-confident about estimates or future events

What percent of you think you are good drivers?

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to see events that have occurred as more predictable than they in fact were before they took place” I knew that play was going to fall”