Chapter 6: Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Lymph - lymph/o

The fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues.

Lymph Vessels - lymphangi/o

The capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream.

Lymph nodes - lymphaden/o

bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system. contains lymphocytes that destroy pathogens in lymph fluid as it is filtered through

Tonsils and adenoids

lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system

spleen

a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems.

bone marrow

Produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes

Lymphocytes

Specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions.

Thymus

A gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems.lymphoid tissue located above the heart. Secretes a hormone that causes the maturation of lymphocytes into T-cells

-oma

tumor

onc/o

tumor

phag/o

eat, swallow

sarc/o

flesh, connective tissue

Lacteals

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fats and transform them so they can be used as nutrients

villi

Fingerlike extensions of the small intenstine

villus contain

lacteals and blood vessels

Interstitial fluid (intercellular fluid)

fluid between cells and tissues that delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones and removes waste

lymph

clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins that works closely with the immune and lymphatic system

lymphatic circulatory system

Lymph fluid is moved by the pumping motion of muscles and can only move upward to the base of the neck. Lymph fluid is filtered by lymph nodes

Lymphatic capillaries

microscopic tubes that are sealed on one end and located near the body surface

lymphatic vessels

located deeper in the tissue and have valves to prevent backward flow

right lymphatic duct

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck

thoracic duct

largest lymphatic vessel that collect lymph from everywhere in the body except the right side of the head and neck

cervical lymph nodes

located along the sides of the neck

Axillary lymph nodes

located in the armpits

Inguinal lymph nodes

located in the groin area

antigen

any substance the body regards as foreign

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

types of lymphocytes

T cells, B cells, Natural Killer cells

Natural Killer cells

play an important role in killing cancer and infected cells

B cells

produce antibodies. Each makes a specific antibody capable of destroying a specific antigen.

Plasma cell

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

Cytokines

released by T cells to begin the immune response

Interferons

Produced in response to the presence of antigens. Activates the immune system and fights viruses.

Interleukins

direct B and T cells to divide and proliferate

Tonsils

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. Prevent pathogens from entering when breathing through the nose and mouth

adenoids

located in the nasopharynx(upper part of the pharynx)(nasopharyngeal tonsils)

Palatine tonsils

located at the roof of the mouth(palate)

lingual tonsils

located at the base of the tongue

vermiform appendix

may play an important role in the immune system(appendix)

Spleen

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Filters the blood, forms lymphocytes, and destroys worn-out red blood cells

Hemolytic

destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse.

Pathogens

disease producing microorganisms

Allergens

substances that produce allergic reactions

Toxins

poisonous or harmful substances

Malignant cells

potentially life-threatening cancer cells

First line of defense

intact skin, respiratory system, digestive acid and enzymes, and lymphatic system

Intact Skin

wraps the body as a physical barrier

Respiratory system

trap breathed-in matter with mucous, tonsils, and coughing and sneezing

digestive system

acid and enzymes to destroy swallowed invaders

Lymphatic system

structures of lymphatic system and specialized leukocytes work together to destroy pathogens

Antigen-antibody reaction

binding antigens to antibodies as a marker for a dangerous antigen

Tolerance

acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen or decline in effectiveness of a drug

antibody

a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

Immunoglobulins

also known as antibodies. 5 types

Immunoglobulin G

Most abundant class of antibodies (IgG)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

produced against ingested antigens (IgA)

Immunoglobulin M

Found in circulating body fluids; first antibodies to appear at initial exposure to an antigen (IgM)

Immunoglobulin D

found only on the surface of B-cells for activation (IgD)

Immunoglobulin E

produced in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. Cause allergic reactions (IgE)

Phagocytes

are specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction

Phagocytosis

process of destroying pathogens

monocytes

leukocytes that either become macrophages or dendritic cells

macrophage

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

dendritic cells

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

Complement system

is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, aid antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells

immunity

the state of being resistant to a specific disease

Natural immunity

immunity present at birth (passive immunity)

acquired immunity

Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific. Can be acquired through vaccination

allergist

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

infectious disease specialist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases caused by microorganisms

immunologist

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

lymphologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

oncologist

a physician who studies and treats tumors

lymphadenitis

inflammation of the lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy

any disease affecting the lymph nodes

lymphangioma

tumor of a lymph vessel

ruptured spleen

a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

lymphoscintigraphy

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

lymphedema

swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

primary lymphedema

hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs

secondary lymphedema

caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns

Bioimpedance spectroscropy

non-invasive method of diagnosing lymphedema

effectiveness of the immune system

General Health, Age, and Heredity

allergic reaction

immune system reacts to a harmless allergen

allergy

overreaction to a particular antigen

allergen

causes an allergic reaction

localized allergic response

includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen (cellular response)

systemic reaction

a severe response to an allergen (anaphylaxis)

Antihistamines

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of allergy to wind-borne pollens and other types of allergies.

autoimmune disorder

any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues

immunodeficiency disorder

occurs when the immune response is compromised/weakened

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

an inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections (SCID)

human immunodeficiency virus

a blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections (HIV)

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

The most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection. (AIDS)

opportunistic infection

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans. Are effective when the host is debilitated

Kaposi's Sarcoma

malignant tumor of the blood vessels associated with AIDS

ELISA

blood test to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies

Immunotherapy

a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response