Biology - Chapter 30 & 32

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cilia

tiny hairs in respiratory pathway, sweep mucous w/ particles up/out of lungs

alveoli

millions give lungs large sa, absorb O2 from air you inhale,

O2 to capillary: O2 binds to hemoglobin: CO2 diffuses into

diaphragm

large muscle, controls breathing w/ muscles of rib cage, air flows from areas of ↑ pressure to ↓ pressure

inhalation

rib cage rises/diaphragm contracts: increase chest cavity size: pressure inside lungs ↓: air enters

lung diseases

emphysema: destroys alveoli

asthma: constricts airways

cystic fibrosis: produces sticky mucus

mollusca

aquatic: gills: water passes over/O2 moves from H2O to blood: CO2 moves from blood to water

land: mantle cavity lined with blood vessels, must be moist

closed circulatory sytem

echinodermata

water vascular system: carries O2, opening: madreporite

arthropoda

tracheal tubes: network of branching air tubes

spiracles: tiny openings allow air into tracheal tubes

book lungs: respiratory organs in spiders

book gills: aquatic

open circulatory system

fish

H20 flows in through mouth

gill filaments: absorb O2 from H2O

operculum: H2O/CO2 pumped out 

amphibians

young: gills: breathe through skin

adults: lungs: some through skin

reptiles

lungs 

respiration: 2 efficient lungs w/ muscles around rib cage

birds

lungs

air sacs: direct air through lungs in one-way flow: helps maintain high metabolic rate

circulatory system

brings supplies to cells, carries away wastes, separates O2-poor & O2-rich blood, protects from diseases

arteries

move blood away from heart 

veins

move blood back to heart

capillaries

get blood to and from cells

valves

in each chamber: muscles squeeze, prevent backflow

heartbeat

SA node/pacemakera: stimulates atria to contract

AV node: stimulates ventricles to contract

specific pathway

O2-poor blood enters right atrium: right ventricle pumps blood to lungs: enters left atrium: left ventricle pumps blood to body 

pulmonary circulation

O2-poor blood enters lungs: excess CO2/H20 expelled, blood picks up O2, O2-rich blood returns to heart 

systematic circulation

O2-rich blood goes to organs, extremities

O2-poor blood returns to heart

arteries

carry blood away from heart, blood under great pressure, thicker/more muscular walls 

veins

carry blood back to heart, blood under less pressure, thinner walls/larger diameter, valves prevent backflow

capillaries

move blood between veins/arteries/cells 

systolic pressure

measure of force of blood pushing against artery walls, left ventricle contracts 

diastolic pressure

measure of force of blood pushing against artery walls, left ventricle relaxes 

increased disease risk

smoking, long-term stress, excessive weight, lack of exercise, diet high in fruits/vegetables & low in fats 

circulatory disease

affect heart/arteries, artery walls become thick/inflexible, plaque blocks blood flow in arteries

plasma

molecules diffuse into/out of plasma, contains proteins: stabilize blood volume, contains clotting factors, contains immune proteins 

bone marrow

makes most of the blood components 

red blood cells

40-45%, transport O2 to cells, carry away CO2, no nuclei, contain hemoglobin 

white blood cells

fight pathogens, destroy foreign matter

platelets

form clots

lymph system

collects fluid that leaks out of capillaries

vessels: valves to prevent backflow.

nodes: filter lymph/destroy foreign matter.

vessels: return cleaned fluid to circulatory 

damaged: lymph collects in area 

edema

swelling due to blocked lymphatic vessels

lymph structures

tonsils: filter bacteria/viruses

thymus: develops white blood cells 

spleen: filters lymph/contains immune cells

lymphocytes: destroy pathogens

closed system

fluid is contained within vessels, pumped through body

open system

blood pumped through vessels in open area: sinuses

metabolism

series of chemical reactions/life processes in body, diff energy amounts are used in diff processes

metabolic rate

rate at which cells uses energy, varies between individuals

water

55-60%, in every cell/body process, need 2 liters per day to replace fluid lost

carbohydrates

main energy source, simple/complex supply glucose, fiber: plant foods help elimination

proteins

growth/repair cells, make 12/20 amino acids, 8 from food

fats

energy/building components, saturated/unsaturated, essential fatty acids: food

minerals

inorganic materials, build/repair tissues, replenish: eat variety of foods

vitamins

organic molecules w/ enzymes, fat/water-soluble, regulate cell functions/growth/development, replenish: eat variety of foods

puberty

more nutrients/calories

1 calorie = 1 kilocalorie/1000 calories

1g protein/carbohydrates = 4 calories

1g fat = 9 calories

digestive system

breaks down food into energy cells use, nutrients absorbed/transported, undigested materials eliminated as liquid/solid wastes

peristalsis

moves food through organs, muscles contracts/relaxes

digestion location

carbohydrates: mouth

proteins: stomach

fats/sugars: small intestine

digestion complete

duodenum

pancreas: digest fat/proteins

liver: bile digest fats, store excess glucose

gallbladder: store bile

small intestine

complete digestion/absorb nutrients

folded lining: adds sa/slows food

villi: absorb nutrients

microvilli: cover villi/absorb nutrients

large intestine/colon

maintain fluid balance, contain bacteria, undigested material form solid feces: stored in rectum/eliminated through anus