Biology - Chapter 30 & 32

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53 Terms

1

cilia

tiny hairs in respiratory pathway, sweep mucous w/ particles up/out of lungs

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2

alveoli

millions give lungs large sa, absorb O2 from air you inhale,

O2 to capillary: O2 binds to hemoglobin: CO2 diffuses into

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3

diaphragm

large muscle, controls breathing w/ muscles of rib cage, air flows from areas of ↑ pressure to ↓ pressure

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4

inhalation

rib cage rises/diaphragm contracts: increase chest cavity size: pressure inside lungs ↓: air enters

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5

lung diseases

emphysema: destroys alveoli

asthma: constricts airways

cystic fibrosis: produces sticky mucus

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6

mollusca

aquatic: gills: water passes over/O2 moves from H2O to blood: CO2 moves from blood to water

land: mantle cavity lined with blood vessels, must be moist

closed circulatory sytem

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7

echinodermata

water vascular system: carries O2, opening: madreporite

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8

arthropoda

tracheal tubes: network of branching air tubes

spiracles: tiny openings allow air into tracheal tubes

book lungs: respiratory organs in spiders

book gills: aquatic

open circulatory system

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9

fish

H20 flows in through mouth

gill filaments: absorb O2 from H2O

operculum: H2O/CO2 pumped out

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10

amphibians

young: gills: breathe through skin

adults: lungs: some through skin

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11

reptiles

lungs

respiration: 2 efficient lungs w/ muscles around rib cage

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12

birds

lungs

air sacs: direct air through lungs in one-way flow: helps maintain high metabolic rate

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13

circulatory system

brings supplies to cells, carries away wastes, separates O2-poor & O2-rich blood, protects from diseases

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14

arteries

move blood away from heart

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15

veins

move blood back to heart

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16

capillaries

get blood to and from cells

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17

valves

in each chamber: muscles squeeze, prevent backflow

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18

heartbeat

SA node/pacemakera: stimulates atria to contract

AV node: stimulates ventricles to contract

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19

specific pathway

O2-poor blood enters right atrium: right ventricle pumps blood to lungs: enters left atrium: left ventricle pumps blood to body

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20

pulmonary circulation

O2-poor blood enters lungs: excess CO2/H20 expelled, blood picks up O2, O2-rich blood returns to heart

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21

systematic circulation

O2-rich blood goes to organs, extremities

O2-poor blood returns to heart

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22

arteries

carry blood away from heart, blood under great pressure, thicker/more muscular walls

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23

veins

carry blood back to heart, blood under less pressure, thinner walls/larger diameter, valves prevent backflow

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24

capillaries

move blood between veins/arteries/cells

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25

systolic pressure

measure of force of blood pushing against artery walls, left ventricle contracts

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26

diastolic pressure

measure of force of blood pushing against artery walls, left ventricle relaxes

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27

increased disease risk

smoking, long-term stress, excessive weight, lack of exercise, diet high in fruits/vegetables & low in fats

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28

circulatory disease

affect heart/arteries, artery walls become thick/inflexible, plaque blocks blood flow in arteries

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29

plasma

molecules diffuse into/out of plasma, contains proteins: stabilize blood volume, contains clotting factors, contains immune proteins

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30

bone marrow

makes most of the blood components

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31

red blood cells

40-45%, transport O2 to cells, carry away CO2, no nuclei, contain hemoglobin

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32

white blood cells

fight pathogens, destroy foreign matter

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33

platelets

form clots

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34

lymph system

collects fluid that leaks out of capillaries

vessels: valves to prevent backflow.

nodes: filter lymph/destroy foreign matter.

vessels: return cleaned fluid to circulatory

damaged: lymph collects in area

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35

edema

swelling due to blocked lymphatic vessels

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36

lymph structures

tonsils: filter bacteria/viruses

thymus: develops white blood cells

spleen: filters lymph/contains immune cells

lymphocytes: destroy pathogens

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37

closed system

fluid is contained within vessels, pumped through body

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38

open system

blood pumped through vessels in open area: sinuses

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39

metabolism

series of chemical reactions/life processes in body, diff energy amounts are used in diff processes

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40

metabolic rate

rate at which cells uses energy, varies between individuals

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41

water

55-60%, in every cell/body process, need 2 liters per day to replace fluid lost

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42

carbohydrates

main energy source, simple/complex supply glucose, fiber: plant foods help elimination

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43

proteins

growth/repair cells, make 12/20 amino acids, 8 from food

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44

fats

energy/building components, saturated/unsaturated, essential fatty acids: food

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45

minerals

inorganic materials, build/repair tissues, replenish: eat variety of foods

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46

vitamins

organic molecules w/ enzymes, fat/water-soluble, regulate cell functions/growth/development, replenish: eat variety of foods

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47

puberty

more nutrients/calories

1 calorie = 1 kilocalorie/1000 calories

1g protein/carbohydrates = 4 calories

1g fat = 9 calories

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48

digestive system

breaks down food into energy cells use, nutrients absorbed/transported, undigested materials eliminated as liquid/solid wastes

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49

peristalsis

moves food through organs, muscles contracts/relaxes

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50

digestion location

carbohydrates: mouth

proteins: stomach

fats/sugars: small intestine

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51

digestion complete

duodenum

pancreas: digest fat/proteins

liver: bile digest fats, store excess glucose

gallbladder: store bile

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52

small intestine

complete digestion/absorb nutrients

folded lining: adds sa/slows food

villi: absorb nutrients

microvilli: cover villi/absorb nutrients

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53

large intestine/colon

maintain fluid balance, contain bacteria, undigested material form solid feces: stored in rectum/eliminated through anus

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