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Control
parent setting limits, and monitor Child’s whereabouts
Warmth
parent uses explanation, provides encouragement, parent is involved in child’s life
Authoratative
high warmth, high control
most positive outcomes, self-confident, self-controlled, better success in school, greater social functioning - few problems with law. Able to express individuality.
Authoritarian
high control, low warmth
poorer self- resilience, self-esteem, anxiety, withdrawn, unhappy, angry, defiant
stifles individuality, harder to express feelings, no warmth,
more likely to be unhealthy eaters (Arredondo et al., 2006), aggressive, obese,
Children more likely to be overtly aggressive (Hart et al., 1998)
have worse coping, and greater anxiety in adolescence (Wolfradt et al., 2003)
—> more likely to smoke. (Chassin et al., 2005)
Children more likely to be insecurely attached to mother (Karavsilis et al., 2003)
Permissive
high warmth, low control
poor school performance,
deviance, good social competence
self-confident, greater difficulties with impulse control
challenges in self-discipline and authority figures
unable to set and achieve goals easily.
Uninvolved
low warmth, low control
poor school performance
greater deviance, poorer social competence, self-esteem
neglected - challenged in building meaningful connections
Maternal sensitivity
Braungart Ricker (2001)
M.S at 11 months, secure bond for infants at one year old
infants affect regulation at 4 months
maternal sensitivity and mother-child bond due to infant temperant
Predicting parenting behaviour
Accounts for 40-45% of the variance
Predicted by how parents feel about themselves
Predicted by the quality of relationship with own parents
Predicted by parents’ roles in their families of origin
Good ways to parent
individual methods - explanation, child involvement in setting goals, consequences —> increase morality
time out, distraction, anger management for parents, ignoring negative behaviour, positive behaviour model to reinforce
responsible for actions, holding reasonable expectations
Parenting/training - Cowan and Cowan (2001)
16 week discussion group on effective parenting (5 y)
positive effects in 6y follow up (school adjustment) and academic achievement
Affect of child characteristics on parenting style
Parenting of identical twins more similar than that of fraternal twins
Parenting of difficult children may become more controlling and less warm
children at genetic risk for anti-social behaviour ellicit more negative parenting than those not at risk (adoption study)
Hoeve et al. (2009, meta-analysis): Correlations with Deliquency
higher correlations with delinquency in neglectful, hostile parenting, lower in affection-based, supportive, involved parenting. Also high with authoritarian control, physical punishment etc..overprotection or any sort of excessive or physical control.
Parenting Behaviour also Affected by Life Stressors
poverty
unemployment
divorce
Child Characteristics Also Influence Parenting Style
Parenting of identical twins is more similar than parenting of fraternal twins
Parents of difficult children may become more controlling and less warm as a consequence of the challenges their child offers
Children at genetic risk for antisocial behaviour elicit more negative parenting than those not at risk (adoption study)