Parenting style

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14 Terms

1
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Control

parent setting limits, and monitor Child’s whereabouts

2
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Warmth

parent uses explanation, provides encouragement, parent is involved in child’s life

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Authoratative

high warmth, high control

most positive outcomes, self-confident, self-controlled, better success in school, greater social functioning - few problems with law. Able to express individuality.

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Authoritarian

high control, low warmth

poorer self- resilience, self-esteem, anxiety, withdrawn, unhappy, angry, defiant

stifles individuality, harder to express feelings, no warmth,

more likely to be unhealthy eaters (Arredondo et al., 2006), aggressive, obese,

Children more likely to be overtly aggressive (Hart et al., 1998)

have worse coping, and greater anxiety in adolescence (Wolfradt et al., 2003)

—> more likely to smoke. (Chassin et al., 2005)

Children more likely to be insecurely attached to mother (Karavsilis et al., 2003)

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Permissive

high warmth, low control

  • poor school performance,

  • deviance, good social competence

  • self-confident, greater difficulties with impulse control

  • challenges in self-discipline and authority figures

  • unable to set and achieve goals easily.

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Uninvolved

low warmth, low control

  • poor school performance

  • greater deviance, poorer social competence, self-esteem

  • neglected - challenged in building meaningful connections

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Maternal sensitivity

Braungart Ricker (2001)

  • M.S at 11 months, secure bond for infants at one year old

  • infants affect regulation at 4 months

  • maternal sensitivity and mother-child bond due to infant temperant

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Predicting parenting behaviour

  • Accounts for 40-45% of the variance

  • Predicted by how parents feel about themselves

  • Predicted by the quality of relationship with own parents

  • Predicted by parents’ roles in their families of origin

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Good ways to parent

  • individual methods - explanation, child involvement in setting goals, consequences —> increase morality

  • time out, distraction, anger management for parents, ignoring negative behaviour, positive behaviour model to reinforce

  • responsible for actions, holding reasonable expectations

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Parenting/training - Cowan and Cowan (2001)

  • 16 week discussion group on effective parenting (5 y)

  • positive effects in 6y follow up (school adjustment) and academic achievement

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Affect of child characteristics on parenting style

  • Parenting of identical twins more similar than that of fraternal twins

  • Parenting of difficult children may become more controlling and less warm

  • children at genetic risk for anti-social behaviour ellicit more negative parenting than those not at risk (adoption study)

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Hoeve et al. (2009, meta-analysis): Correlations with Deliquency

higher correlations with delinquency in neglectful, hostile parenting, lower in affection-based, supportive, involved parenting. Also high with authoritarian control, physical punishment etc..overprotection or any sort of excessive or physical control.

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Parenting Behaviour also Affected by Life Stressors

  • poverty

  • unemployment

  • divorce

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Child Characteristics Also Influence Parenting Style

  • Parenting of identical twins is more similar than parenting of fraternal twins

  • Parents of difficult children may become more controlling and less warm as a consequence of the challenges their child offers

  • Children at genetic risk for antisocial behaviour elicit more negative parenting than those not at risk (adoption study)