Board Alert - Pharmacology

generic name

Official name of drug

3 multiple choice options

trade name

brand name of drug

2 multiple choice options

therapeutic equivalent

generic drug's equal therapeutic effect on the body as brand name drugs

biologic equivalent

generic drug's similar concentration in the blood and tissues as brand name drugs

decreases

As the controlled substance schedule # increases, the abuse potential _______________

2 multiple choice options

potency

the amount of drug needed to produce a biological response

efficacy

maximum effect a drug can produce

unrelated

what is the relationship between efficacy and potency?

3 multiple choice options

synergism

when 2 drugs work better together than alone.

1 multiple choice option

antagonism

occurs when a combination of 2 agents produces less effect than either agent alone.

2 multiple choice options

agonist

Which type of drug causes a cell to produce cellular activity or give action

3 multiple choice options

antagonist

drug that counteracts the action of an agonist

3 multiple choice options

lipid solubility and ionization

What the two most influential factors to absorption?

liver

Where does metabolism most commonly occur?

kidney

Where does excretion most commonly occur?

First-pass effect

Pharmacological phenomenon that reduces concentration of an active drug before reaching its intended site of action.

Type I immediate hypersensitivity

type of reaction that causes anaphylaxis

3 multiple choice options

Type IV delayed hypersensitivity

type of reaction that causes contact dermatitis (i.e. latex)

3 multiple choice options

True

a drug reaction side effect response is predictable, dose dependent, and impact nontarget organs. True/False?

2 multiple choice options

true

an allergic response is not predictable, non-dose dependent, and impact nontarget organs. True/False?

2 multiple choice options

true

a toxic reaction is predictable, dose dependent, and impact target organs. True/False?

2 multiple choice options

a side effect

ibuprofen can be taken for a headache, but cause ulcers in the stomach. This is an example of

3 multiple choice options

an allergic reaction

the appearance of hives after the use of latex gloves is an example of

3 multiple choice options

safer the drug

on the therapeutic index, the wider the effective dose to the lethal dose the

3 multiple choice options

Norepinephrine

What are the postganglionic neurotransmitter for sympathetic response?

3 multiple choice options

albuterol

An adrenergic drug that aids in relaxation of the smooth muscles in the lungs for patients with asthma, COPD, emphysema or bronchitis

3 multiple choice options

epinephrine

An example of an adrenergic drugs cardiac stimulator which is commonly used in dentistry

2 multiple choice options

clonidine

an adrenergic agonist that is antihypertensive and lowers BP and HR by relaxing arteries and increasing blood supply to the heart

3 multiple choice options

epinephrine

What commonly used medication in dentistry is contraindicated for the patient using cocaine or meth?

2 multiple choice options

with angina, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism

adrenergic drugs are contraindicated for patients

3 multiple choice options

beta blockers

Common examples of adrenergic blockers are

3 multiple choice options

block b2 receptor, causing shortness of breath

propranolol is a nonspecific b-blockers that may inadvertently...

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation

large doses of cholinergic drugs can be toxic and can cause SLUD, which stands for

xerostomia

pilocarpine and cevimeline can counteract what sympathetic condition?

3 multiple choice options

cholinergic drugs

What drug category can be used to TX glaucoma and Alzheimer's

atropine

what anticholinergic drug decreases salivary flow, commonly used pre-operatively

relaxes smooth muscles

ipratropium is an anticholinergic drug used for COPD patients, and does what to the respiratory system?

motion sickness

scopolamine is an anticholinergic drug used to treat

sensitize pain receptors, lower pain threshold, cause inflammation (edema) and fever

What are the 4 prostaglandins modes of action?

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

Nonopioid analgesics mechanism of actions is

3 multiple choice options

analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet

what are the 4 A's of aspirin?

Reye's syndrome

a condition of extreme inflammation in the liver caused by aspirin use in children

analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory

what are the 3 A's of ibuprofen?

Ibuprofen

Of the three non-opioid analgesics, which has the most drug interactions?

Increase phenytoin levels

Combining anti-seizure medication, like phenytoin, with NSAIDs can cause what interaction

analgesic, antipyretic

what are the 2 A's of acetaminophen?

Liver disease and alcoholism

What contraindicatins are there for acetaminphen?

Use of Codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl

Pinpoint constricted pupils may indicate

Cocaine and meth use

Large dilated pupils may indicate

naloxone (Narcan)

What drug can be used as a competitive antagonist to tx overdose?

Tylenol 3 with codeine

What opioid analgesics is commonly used in dentistry?

Constipation

All opioid lead to

Anticoagulants (warfarin)

Antibiotics increase the effects of oral....

Erythromycin

Out of all the antibiotics, which cause the most GI disturbances?

Penicillin VK

Which form of penicillin in preferred?

Augmentin

What is the name of the special penicillin concoction that can fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria?

mycin

Macrolide antibiotics suffix?

Bacteriostatic

Macrolide is a broad spectrum antibiotic and its mode of action is

3 multiple choice options

olol

Beta-blocker suffix

Tetracycline

Which antibiotic medication can be used for the tx of NUP/NUG and aggressive periodontal disease (because excreted in the crevicular fluids)?

cycline

Tetracycline suffix

clindamycin

Which antibiotic medication has been known to cause pseudomembranous colitis; life threatening diarrhea due to accumulation of clostridium difficile? (1 hr before tx)

rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

What is the cocktail medication recipe to treat TB (acronym RIPE)

rifampin, isoniazid

If a patient lives in a high concentration area of TB, what of the RIPE TB medication could a patient take for prevention

amoxicillin 2000mg (30-60 mins before)

cephalexin 2000mg

azithromycin 500mg

clarithromycin 500mg

doxycycline 100mg

Premedication antibiotics (ACACD)

azole

Common antifungal suffix

nystatin

Most common antifungal used in dentistry for the tx of candidiassis (thrush)

fluconazole

Oral antifungal for systemic tx

cyclovir

Antiviral herpes drug suffix

Local anesthetics

What inhibits the influx of sodium ions?

Sodium bisulfite or sodium metabisulfite

What are the two preservatives added to anesthetics if the anesthetic has a vasoconstrictor?

Autonomic - temp - pain - touch/pressure - vibration & motor

In what order does a PT lose function after local anesthetics?

3 multiple choice options

Esters & Amides

What are the two groups of local anesthetics

Plasma/blood, liver

Ester's a metabolized in the ___________, whereas the Amides are metabolized in the ____________.

Esters

Which of the two local anesthetics is more prone to allergy?

Ester

Benzocaine is a topical anesthetic in which local anesthetics group?

No, because levonordefrin is a vasoconstrictor and requires a preservative also

If a patient is allergic to sodium bisulfite, can the PT received mepivacaine w/ levonordefrin as an alternative?

Sulfite

Common preservative suffix

Methemoglobinemia (tx with methBlue)

What medical condition is related to prilocaine local anesthetic?

Mepivacaine, lidocaine, prilocaine, articaine, buprivacaine

Amides duration of action from shortest to longest

Sulfite allergy

What is the only true contraindication for vasoconstrictor local anesthetic

articaine

Which local anesthetic is a hybrid of ester and amide? (partial liver/partial blood metabolization)

0.04mg per appointment

(2/carpules per 1:100k epi)

Cardiac dose (ASA III or IV) of vasoconstrictors in local anesthesia

0.2 mg per appointment

(11 carpules of 1:100k epi)

Healthy dose (ASA I or II) of vasoconstrictors of local anesthesia

Mepivacaine, lidocaine, prilocaine

Which local anesthetics are available plain?

Hypertension (amitripyline & propranolol)

What is a relative contraindication of vasoconstrictors in local anesthetics

Lidocaine & prilocaine, 1:1 ratio

2 ingredients of oraqix

Benzodiazepines

Anti-anxiety drug that is fast acting, has a wide therapeutic index and ends with "pam" and "lam"

pam, lam

Two common Benzodiazepine suffix

Barbiturates

Antianxiety medication that is long acting, has a narrow therapeutic index and has a suffix of "tal".

tal

Barbiturate suffix

Barbiturates "tal"

What antianxiety medication is used as an anti-seizure?

3 multiple choice options

oxygen

In the delivery of Nitrous Oxide, the green tank is the

nitrous

In the delivery of Nitrous Oxide, the blue tank is the

Exhalation

How is nitrous excreted?

3 multiple choice options

prevent diffusion hypoxia

What is the purpose of switching the patient to 100% oxygen for 5 minutes following sedation?

Parkinson's disease and dementia

What disease symptoms could someone display who is the nitrous adict?

hypertensive crisis

The patient taking tricyclic antidepressant should limit epinephrine to the cardiac dose, why?

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Which antianxiety it known to have the most interactions?

antianxiety

bupropion is used for smoking cessation, and...