COMM 110 Final Exam

gendered violence

the physical, verbal, emotional, sexual, and visual brutality perpetrated between gendered and/or sexed individuals

gender intimidation

individuals treated in ways that make them feel humiliated, unsafe, or inferior as a function of their gendered identity. includes groping, stalking, sexist comments, and publicly masturbating in someone’s presence

sexual assault

sexual activity between strangers, friends, spouses, or family members that occurs without informed consent

rape

one or more acts of nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration by a body part or object

male college students are __ times more likely to experience sexual assault

5

intimate partner violence

physical, mental, emotional, verbal, economic power used by one relationship partner against the other

stalking

a form of intimate partner violence in which repeated, intrusive behavior that is uninvited, seems obsessive, and makes the target concerned for their own safety

surveys report __% of women and __% of men regard violence as normal and even a positive part of marriage

25 and 30

In college dating relationships, __ in 10 women, and __% of all men are victims of intimate partner violence

4 and 10-15

sexual harassment

unwanted or unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that creates a hostile, intimidating or offensive working/academic environment or interferes with a person’s ability to perform a job/gain education

quid pro quo

actual or threatened use of professional or academic rewards and/or punishments to gain sexual compliance from a subordinate or student

hostile environment

a sexualized or otherwise threatening environment that creates a hostile, intimidating, or offensive work/learning space

genital surgery

physical alterations of the genitals

sunna

removing both the sheath and the tip of the clitoris, causing the woman to be unable to experience sexual excitement or orgasm

male circumcision

removal of the sheath of the penis

infibulation

the clitoris and labia minor are removed, and the labia majora is scraped raw and sewn together to form a hood over the vagina, leaving a small opening for urination and menstruation. when the female marries, the opening is cut to permit intercourse, making it very painful

female infanticide

girls are killed before or after birth

femicide

killing of women

informed consent

1. cannot be given if the person is not an adult

2. cannot be given if the person is unconscious, asleep or incapacitated by drugs/alcohol

3. cannot be given if the person is unable to understand the nature of the activity due to mental, physical, or developmental disabilities

4. cannot be given if one is forced, threatened, or coerced

are most men violent

no

motivation for rape

aggression and power

rape script

it is a falsehood that rape occurs primarily between strangers. in fact, most sexual violence is perpetrated by those known to the victims

where human trafficking occurs

india, pakistan, bangladesh, nepal, and the U.S.

between __ and __ women and children are trafficked each year

800,000 and 1.8 million

in the U.S., there are an estimated ___ child prostitutes

300,000

over ___ intimate partner violence incidents are reported per year in the U.S.

360,000

__% of women have been violently attacked by husbands or boyfriends

25

__ U.S. woman dies every __ hours from a partner’s violence

1 and 6

reproductive violence

coerced or discriminatory infringement on reproductive rights

first stage of intimate partner violence

the perpetrator experiences mounting tension

second stage of intimate partner violence

an explosion, which may involve verbal, emotional, sexual, or physical violence

third stage of intimate partner violence

remorse, as the perpetrator typically acts ashamed, apologizes, and promises never to do it again

fourth stage of intimate partner violence

the honeymoon phase, as the violent partner acts lovingly and often brings gifts to the victim, causing the victim to believe they’ve changed

autonomy-connection tension

we yearn for close connection of one person’s well-being with that of another person, but the connection has a trade-off, as it often comes with limits on autonomy

male-deficit model

men’s styles of building relationships are inadequate. while women self-disclose more, men are substandard at relationship maintenance and ought to overcome their deficiencies

alternate paths model

because socialization of masculine people has not focused upon close, personal sharing, men develop closeness through “doing” and is therefore different in expressing closeness (no need to be verbal)

pursuer-distancer dynamic

one partner seeks more closeness while the other seeks more space or independence

pursuer

the partner who wants more emotional connection, communication, or reassurance

distancer

the partner who wants more autonomy or emotional space

stages of coming together

1. initiating

2. experimenting

3. intensifying

4. integrating

5. bonding

stages of coming apart

1. differentiating

2. circumscribing

3. stagnating

4. avoiding

5. terminating

initiating

meeting each other

experimenting

experimenting with conversation topics, sharing personal information

intensifying

actively participating in each other’s lives, encouraging more communication and time spent

integrating

official couple, you and others see yourselves as a couple, becoming a unit

bonding

taking a relationship to the public sphere, such as marriage

differentiating

begin to notice differences with more clarity, viewing them as negative

circumscribing

starting to have conflict on some level; certain topics become taboo where you feel uncomfortable; tip-toeing

stagnating

partners are not growing toward new things/topics

avoiding

partners start to avoid one another because they don’t want to deal with what’s happening in the relationship

terminating

breakup

social exchange theory

measures a relationship on the basis of costs vs rewards

comparison level

the relative satisfaction a person has after having been in the relationship for a while

comparison level of alternatives

what you think you could achieve in a relationship with someone else or outside of a relationship period

basic conclusion of social exchange theory

as your perceived treatment slides below the comparison level or as you perceive other relationship opportunities as more favorable, your relational stability decreases

relational dialectics theory

personal relationships are constant, unfolding processes characterized by ongoing, contradictory tensions; meaning is created through communication, where partners navigate opposing desires to maintain their relationship

types of relational tensions

autonomy vs connection

power vs empowerment

acceptance vs change

a man who marries reduces his routine housework by __ hours a week

3.5

__ of women wish they had more opportunities for romance, including __ of those who engage in hook-ups

2/3 and ½

women hooking up with men are __ as likely to experience an orgasm

1/3

casual detachment

1. be drunk

2. avoid tenderness

3. perform aloofness

4. restrict repeat hook-ups

features of langauge

1. male generic language

2. spotlighting

3. semantic derogation

4. naming, labels, metaphors

male generic language

communication attempting to include both men and women typically through male pronouns and the word “man”

spotlighting

calling attention to gender when it is not necessary and implies a sense of the atypical

semantic derogation

when two terms exist that ought to be parallel concepts, but one term implies negative connotations

naming, labels, metaphors

taking a man’s name, metaphors for experience, labels for the genders

speech communities

groups of people who share a set of norms regarding communication practices, bound by similar goals in talk, strategies for reaching goals, and forms for interpreting that talk

boys speech communities

larger groups, team sports, and competition

1. to assert ideas

2. to achieve

3. to attract attention

4. to compete

girls speech communities

smaller groups or pairs, reality games containing relationships

1. to create/maintain relationships

2. to establish identification

3. to create inclusion

4. to show sensitivity

feminine styled communicators

offer more details because they matter to the relationship level of meaning

masculine speech community: showing support

response cues, instrumental focus

masculine speech community: troubles talk

solving problems, may not process trouble through talk

masculine speech community: point of story

linear formats

feminine speech community: showing support

relational focus, showing sympathy

feminine speech community: troubles talk

venting; verbal parallelism to form identification

feminine speech community: point of story

holistic formats, including more details

rapport

• communication is the essence of a bond

• communication equality is valued

• communication responsiveness is valued

• supporting others through talk is valued

• maintenance work is valued

• communication tentativeness

report

• talk is the method of establishing status/control, to achieve objectives

• conversational command is valued

• direct talk is valued

• abstract talk is valued

• less responsiveness

benevolent sexism

reflects evaluations of women that are seemingly positive

hostile sexism

men are inherently amoral, unfeeling, narcissistic, insensitive, and naturally violent

ambivalent sexism

offers a new view of sexism to include both hostile and benevolent attitudes because attitudes that express sexism are both highly negative AND highly positive evaluations

people don’t adopt feminism

1. entails being critical of our culture and its institutions

2. mediated representations of feminism

3. homophobia

4. undermines the tidy public-private division

feminism (wood definition)

an active commitment to equality and respect for all forms of life

feminism (lecture definition)

advocates for social, political, and economic equality between all individuals

post-feminism

assumes that feminism is no longer relevant or needed because sexism has been fully eradicated

patriarchy

men’s power and structural control over political, legal, economic, and religious institutions