4.2 AP PSYCH

Learning

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences.

Associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Unconditioned stimulus

(UNLEARNED, UCS) In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response

Unconditional response

(UNLEARNED, UCR) in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

(LEARNED, CS) In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response

(LEARNED, CR) In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Stimulus

Any events or objects in our environment that elicit sensory reactions from our senses (e.g., sight, sound, touch).

Aquisition

INITIAL STAGE; when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so the triggering the conditioned response.

In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Extinction

In classical conditioning, the DECREASE IN RESPONSE resulting from repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Generalization

In classical conditioning, the process by which two distinct but similar stimuli come to produce the same response.

Discriminization

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

In classical conditioning the RE-OCCURENCE of CONDITIONING after it had appeared to be extinct

Learned taste aversion

“GARCIA EFFECT” the development of a strong association between a particular food and illness or discomfort.

Operant Conditioning

A type of associative learning that occurs through REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS for behavior (Skinner).

Law of Effect

if the CONSEQUENCES of a BEHAVIOR are PLEASENT, the Stimulus Response (SR) connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will INCREASE

Positive reinforcement

(SUPPLYING STIMULUS) ADDING something good to INCERASE THE LIKELINESS of the behavior repeating

Positive punishment

(SUPPLYING STIMULUS) Something unpleasant is added as a consequence that DECREASES THE BEHAVIOR

Negative Punishment

(REMOVING STIMULUS) Something pleasant is SUBTRACTED and DECREASES THE BEHAVIORS

Negative Reinforcement

(REMOVING STIMULUS) TAKING something AWAY to increase the likeliness of the behavior repeating

Primary

(REINFORCER TYPE) Things we can't live without; food, water, shelter

Secondary

(REINFORCER TYPE) A stimulus that becomes an EFFECTIVE REINFORCER because of its association with a primary or unconditioned reinforce

Operant chamber

(OPERANT CONDITIONING) A chamber (skinner box) containing a bar / key that an animal (RAT) can MANIPULATE to obtain a FOOD OR WATER REINFORCER.

Contains attached devices recording the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Shaping

OPERANT CONDITIONING procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Chaining

Putting specific BEHAVIORS TOGETHER

Continuous

(REINFORCEMENT) reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Intermittent

(REINFORCEMENT) An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Fixed ratio

(OP COND.) Reinforcement schedule which REINFORCES A RESPONSE only after a SPECIFIED NUMBER OF RESPONSES

Variable ratio

(OP COND.) Reinforcement schedule that REINFORCES A RESPONSE only after an UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER OF REPONSES

Fixed Interval

(OP COND.) Reinforcement schedule REINFORCES RESPONSE ONLY AFTER SPECIFIC TIME has elapsed;

Set test dates

Variable Interval

(OP COND) Reinforcement schedule REINFORCING RESPONSES AT UNPREDICTABLE time intervals;

Produces SLOW and STEADY responses

Token Economies

the practice of PHYSICALLY REWARDING AN INDIVIDUAL for their demonstration of specific behaviors that are established as an expectation

Partial Reinforcement

CONDUCTED ON SCHEDULES “FR, FI, VR and VI” and the fastest learning occurring with the continuous reinforcement

Observational learning

Modeling, Imitation, Mimicking, Emulation, Mirroring

Mirror Neurons

Biological basis for observational learningO

Observational learning

Learning by OBSERVING OTHERS (AKA Social learning)

Latent learning

Learning that occurs but it’s NOT APARENT until and INCENTIVE is PRESENT to demonstrate it

Insight learning

Solving problems through SUDDEN INSIGHT; Contrasts with Strategy-based solutions