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Globalization / Globalized

The process by which businesses, cultures, and societies become integrated and interconnected on a global scale, often leading to increased economic, cultural, and technological exchange.

Cartography *

the study and practice of making maps.

Demography **

the statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population changes.

Anthropology

the study of humans, their societies, cultures, and development.

Sociology

the study of social behavior, society, and social institutions.

Eratosthenes *

Ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer known for calculating the Earth's circumference and developing early cartography.

Feature – a thing or characteristic

that can be observed and analyzed in geographic studies, often representing a physical or human-made attribute of the landscape.

More Developed Country (MDC)

A More Developed Country (MDC) is a nation with a high level of economic development, advanced technological infrastructure, and a high standard of living compared to other countries.

Less Developed Country (LDC)

a nation with a lower level of industrialization, lower income, and lower Human Development Index (HDI) compared to More Developed Countries.

Foreign

investment or aid in a country that comes from outside its borders, often influencing economic growth and development.

Domestic *

Relating to or originating within a country, particularly in reference to policies, products, or affairs.

Abroad

Referring to foreign countries or outside one's own nation, often in the context of travel, business, or study.

Map Scale

The ratio between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground, indicating the level of detail and area represented.

Map Projection *

A method for representing the curved surface of the Earth on a flat surface, involving systematic transformations of geographical features.

List the 4 types of Projection Distortion

Area, Shape, Distance, Direction

List 5 major Map Projections **

Mercator, Robinson, Peters, winkel Tripel, Conic

Robinson & Mercator ***

Robinson projection is a compromise projection that aims to minimize distortion in all four types, while Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection known for its preservation of angles and shapes but distorts area.

Toponym **

A toponym is a name given to a place or geographical feature, often reflecting its history or characteristics. Toponyms can be important for understanding cultural and regional significance.

Contemporary **

A contemporary toponym refers to a place name that is in current use, reflecting modern naming practices and influences.

Relative – related/compared to something else*

The concept of relative refers to the comparison of one thing to another, emphasizing context and relationships rather than absolute measurements.

Spatial – relating to space **

pertaining to the physical arrangement or distribution of objects in space, often used in geography and urban planning.

Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography **

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.

Distance Decay

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The principle that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases, influencing patterns of communication and economic activity.

Friction of Distance **

The concept that distance hinders interactions and is a barrier to the movement of people, goods, and ideas, affecting spatial relationships in geography.

Space-Time Compression / ***

the process by which advancements in technology reduce the time it takes for information, goods, or people to travel across space, effectively shrinking distances.

Time-Space Compression

Refers to the phenomenon where advancements in transportation and communication technologies reduce the perceived distance between places, making them feel closer together in terms of interaction and connectivity.

Relative location *

the position of a place relative to others, often described in terms of distance, direction, or travel time.

Absolute location *

the precise position of a place or entity on the Earth's surface, typically defined by coordinates such as latitude and longitude.

Global Positioning System (GPS) *

A satellite-based navigation system that provides precise location and time information anywhere on Earth.

Geographic Information System

a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing spatial and geographic data. It combines hardware, software, and data for spatial analysis.

Remote Sensing

the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact, often through satellite or aerial imagery.

Site factors ***

The various physical and human characteristics that influence the location and development of a place, including landforms, climate, and resources.

Situation factors ***

the geographic context of a place, including its location relative to surrounding areas and accessibility to resources and markets.

Density

the measure of the number of people or objects in a given area, typically expressed as per square unit.

Concentration *

the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area, often used to describe the distribution patterns of populations or resources.

Dispersed / Scattered **

a pattern in which objects or people are spread out over an area, rather than clustered together.

Agglomerated / Clustered **

describes a pattern where objects or people are grouped closely together in a concentrated area, often observed in urban settings or specific resource locations.

Agglomeration

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the process by which businesses or people cluster together in a specific area, leading to increased economic efficiency and collaboration.

Cultural Landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape, shaped by interactions between people, their environments, and their cultural practices.

Cultural Ecology

the study of the relationships between people and their environment, focusing on how cultural practices affect and are affected by ecological systems.

Environmental Determinism **

the theory that the physical environment, particularly the climate and terrain, shapes human cultures and behaviors, influencing their development and societal structure.

Possibilism **

the theory that human cultures are not solely determined by their physical environment, but instead, individuals can adapt and modify their surroundings to create diverse cultural practices.

Cultural Hearth

a geographic area where a particular culture originates and from which it diffuses to other regions.

Sequent Occupance **

the successive habitation of an area by different cultures over time, with each culture leaving a lasting imprint on the landscape.

Cultural Diffusion

the process by which cultural elements, such as ideas, values, or technologies, spread from one society or group to another.

Relocation Diffusion **

the spread of cultural traits or practices through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

Expansion Diffusion *

the spread of a cultural trait or innovation through direct or indirect interactions, leading to its increased prevalence within a population or region.

Hierarchical Diffusion ***

the spread of cultural traits from higher to lower social classes or from larger to smaller cities, often organized by rank or authority.

Stimulus Diffusion ***

the spread of cultural traits where a specific idea or innovation is adapted and changed by new adopters.

Contagious Diffusion ***

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population, typically through direct contact.

Region

an area defined by certain unifying characteristics, such as physical geography, culture, or political boundaries.

Formal / Uniform Region ***

a region defined by a certain uniformity in one or more characteristics, such as government or culture.

Functional / Nodal Region ***

a region defined by the interactions and connections that occur within it, often centered around a focal point or node.

Vernacular / Perceptual Region ***

a type of region that is defined by people's perceptions or feelings about an area, often based on cultural or social ideas, rather than formal boundaries.

Demography **

the statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population changes.

Cohort – a group sharing common demographic feature (ex: age on a population pyramid) **

that is analyzed to understand population dynamics, trends, and characteristics.

Cartogram **

a thematic map in which the size of geographic regions is altered to represent statistical values or data, rather than their actual land area.

Ecumene **

the portion of Earth's surface that is inhabited by humans.

Arithmetic / Linear Growth ***

a pattern of population growth where the number of individuals increases by a constant amount in each time period, leading to a straight-line increase on a graph.

Exponential / Geometric Growth ***

the increase in a population size where the growth rate is proportional to the current population, resulting in faster and faster increases over time.

J-Curve

a graph that illustrates how a population grows rapidly after a period of slow growth, creating a curve reminiscent of the letter "J." It often represents the potential for exponential growth under ideal conditions.

Overpopulation

a situation where the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them, leading to negative effects on the environment, economy, and quality of life.

Thomas Malthus **

an English cleric and scholar known for his theory on population dynamics, asserting that populations grow exponentially while food supply grows linearly, leading to inevitable shortages.

Neo-Malthus ***

a school of thought influenced by Thomas Malthus, emphasizing the potential dangers of overpopulation and advocating for population control measures to prevent resource depletion and environmental degradation.

Malthusian Theory **

a theory that suggests population growth will outpace agricultural production, resulting in shortages and a struggle for resources.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM) ***

a model that describes the stages of population change as a country develops economically, illustrating the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Static / Stable / Stagnant *

a phase in the Demographic Transition Model where both birth and death rates are low, leading to a stable population size.

Crude – whole society, no specific groups *

measure of the total population without differentiating between specific demographics, often used in demographics studies to understand overall trends in birth or death rates.

Agricultural Revolution

a period when human societies transitioned from hunting and gathering to agriculture, leading to stable food production and population growth.

Industrial Revolution **

a period of significant industrial growth beginning in the late 18th century, marked by the shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, characterized by advancements in manufacturing, technology, and urbanization.

Medical Revolution **

a period of significant advancements in medical science and practices that led to improved public health, life expectancy, and the ability to combat diseases more effectively.

Population Pyramid ***

a graphical representation that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, typically illustrating the population's sex ratio and age structure. It is often used in demographic analysis to understand population dynamics.

Sex Ratio **

the ratio of males to females in a population, often expressed as the number of males per 100 females. It can influence societal structures and demographics.

Dependency Ratio ***

the ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population (ages 15-64). It is used to assess the financial pressure on the productive population.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) ***

a measure of the number of children a woman would have in her lifetime based on current birth rates in a specific population. It indicates the potential for population growth or decline.

Replacement Fertility Rate ***

the number of children each woman needs to have to maintain a stable population size, typically around 2.1 in developed countries.

Demographic Momentum *

the tendency for a population to continue growing even after fertility rates decline, due to a large proportion of people in reproductive age.

Degenerative diseases **

chronic diseases that result from aging and lifestyle factors, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Epidemiology *

the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations. It examines the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health-related states.

Epidemiological Transition Model ***

a model that describes the changes in population disease patterns and mortality rates as countries develop, often shifting from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.

Mortality *

the incidence of death within a population, often measured as a rate per unit of population over a specific period.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) **

the proportion of infants who die before reaching one year of age, typically expressed per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Maternal vs Paternal

Maternal refers to concepts related to motherhood, while paternal pertains to fatherhood, particularly in genetics, inheritance, and social roles.

Pro-Natalist ***

referring to policies or attitudes that encourage higher birth rates and support family growth.

Anti-Natalist ***

a policy or belief that discourages population growth, often by promoting family planning and limiting births.

Infanticide *

the intentional killing of an infant or very young child.

Carrying Capacity **

the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support.

S-Curve

A graphical representation of the idealized population growth in an environment, showing how population increases rapidly at first but then levels off as it reaches the carrying capacity of the environment.

Agricultural Density ***

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land in a given area.

Arithmetic Density ***

the total population of a region divided by the total land area, measuring population density.

Physiological Density ***

The number of people per unit area of arable land, indicating the pressure on the land for agricultural production.

Sedentary *

A form of agriculture where farmers remain settled in one place and cultivate the land around them, rather than practicing nomadic or migratory farming.

Friction of Distance ***

The concept that as the distance between two places increases, the likelihood of interaction between them decreases. This idea impacts human behavior and spatial relationships.

Distance Decay ***

The principle that the interaction between two locations declines as the distance between them increases, often affecting social, economic, and cultural phenomena. As distance increases, the likelihood of interaction diminishes.

Gravity Model **

A model used to predict the interaction or flow of people, goods, or services between two locations, based on their population sizes and the distance between them.

Intervening Obstacle **

Any environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration or the movement of people between regions. It can include geographical barriers, laws, or economic factors that prevent the smooth transition of individuals from one place to another.

Push Factors *

Conditions that drive people to leave a location, such as economic hardship, political instability, or environmental disasters.

Pull Factors *

Conditions or attributes that attract people to migrate to a particular area. These can include job opportunities, political stability, or better living conditions.

Intercontinental Migration *

The movement of people between continents, often driven by various economic, social, or environmental factors. This type of migration can involve long distances and is typically characterized by significant changes in lifestyle or circumstances.

International Migration ***

Movement of people across international borders, often for reasons like employment, family reunification, or education.