Principles of Biomedical Sciences Final Exam

PLTW Principles of Biomedical Sciences final review

What type of biological evidence can be collected at a crime scene?

Blood or DNA

What type of physical imprint can help identify someone at a crime scene?

Fingerprints or footprints

What type of hair-related evidence can be collected at a crime scene?

Hair with root (DNA)

What kind of tool-related evidence might be found at a crime scene?

Weapons

What type of evidence can indicate who was at a scene besides DNA or fingerprints?

Personal belongings (e.g.

What is the smallest unit in DNA structure?

Nucleotide

What is a gene made of?

A sequence of nucleotides

What is DNA made of?

Chains of nucleotides

What is a chromosome made of?

Tightly coiled DNA

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Phosphate

What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Which DNA bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

Which DNA bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine and Thymine

What does A pair with?

T

What does C pair with?

G

What do restriction enzymes do?

Cut DNA at specific sequences

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?

To separate DNA fragments by size

Which direction does DNA move in gel electrophoresis?

Toward the positive end

What sequence does HaeIII recognize to cut DNA?

GGCC

What causes type 1 diabetes?

The body doesn’t produce insulin

What causes type 2 diabetes?

The body becomes resistant to insulin

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

Insulin injections

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Diet

How does a GTT graph look for type 1 diabetes?

High glucose

How does a GTT graph look for type 2 diabetes?

High glucose

What is positive feedback?

A process that amplifies a response

What is an example of positive feedback?

Childbirth or blood clotting

What is negative feedback?

A process that returns a system to normal

What is an example of negative feedback?

Insulin lowering blood sugar

What does insulin do?

Lowers blood sugar

What does glucagon do?

Raises blood sugar

What is a dehydration reaction?

Joins molecules by removing water

What is hydrolysis?

Breaks molecules by adding water

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the monomers of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol

What is osmosis?

Water movement from low to high solute concentration

Why do diabetics urinate frequently?

High blood sugar pulls water out by osmosis

Name one complication of diabetes.

Nerve damage (neuropathy)

What body system does retinopathy affect?

The eyes (vision)

What does nephropathy affect?

The kidneys

What shape are sickled red blood cells?

Crescent-shaped

Why is sickle cell dangerous?

Causes clots and reduces oxygen delivery

How is anemia diagnosed?

Hematocrit test

What are the four components of blood?

RBCs

What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen

What do white blood cells do?

Fight infection

What do platelets do?

Help with clotting

What does plasma do?

Carries nutrients

Where is DNA stored in the cell?

In the nucleus

What process makes mRNA from DNA?

Transcription

Where does transcription occur?

In the nucleus

Where does translation occur?

At the ribosome in the cytoplasm

What does tRNA carry?

Amino acids

What is the function of mRNA?

Carries instructions from DNA to ribosome

How many chromosomes are in human body cells?

46

How many chromosomes are in gametes?

23

What is mitosis?

Cell division for growth/repair

What is meiosis?

Cell division for reproduction

What does HIPAA protect?

Patient health information privacy

Is sickle cell disease recessive or dominant?

Recessive

What is the chance of a child inheriting Best’s disease from an Aa × aa cross?

50%

Is Best’s disease dominant or recessive?

Dominant

What is the exception to blood oxygenation in the heart?

Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

What does the pulmonary artery carry?

Deoxygenated blood to lungs

What does the pulmonary vein carry?

Oxygenated blood to heart

Describe blood flow through the heart.

Body → RA → RV → lungs → LA → LV → body

What is heart rate?

Beats per minute

What is blood pressure?

Force of blood against artery walls

What does an EKG measure?

Electrical activity of the heart

What conditions can an EKG detect?

Heart attack

What is the role of cholesterol?

Builds cells and hormones

What does HDL do?

Removes excess cholesterol ("good")

What does LDL do?

Deposits cholesterol in arteries ("bad")

What is familial hypercholesterolemia?

Genetic disorder causing high cholesterol

Is familial hypercholesterolemia dominant or recessive?

Dominant

What is PCR used for?

Making many DNA copies

What is an RFLP?

DNA fragments from restriction enzyme cuts

What is a plasmid?

Circular DNA in bacteria

What’s a difference between Gram+ and Gram- bacteria?

Gram+ has thicker cell wall; Gram– has outer membrane

How can viral infections be prevented?

Vaccines

What are the main parts of the immune system?

WBCs

What system is the blood in?

Cardiovascular

What system is the bladder in?

Urinary

What system is the heart in?

Cardiovascular

What system are the lungs in?

Respiratory

What system is the trachea in?

Respiratory

What system is the pancreas in?

Digestive

What system are the kidneys in?

Urinary

What system is the brain in?

Nervous

What system is the gallbladder in?

Digestive

What system is the eye in?

Nervous

What system is the lymph node in?

Immune

What system is the urethra in?

Urinary

What system are the teeth in?

Digestive

What system is the spleen in?

Immune

isotonic solution

solution has the same concentration of salt as body fluids

hypertonic solution

the solution has a higher concentration of salt

hypotonic

the solution has a lower concentration of salt