Stereotyping: Group Perception

Prejudice

Affect/ Evaluation: Emotional Response (Liking/ Disliking)

Discrimination

Behavior: Verbal and Non-verbal actions

Stereotyping

Cognition: Beliefs and Traits

Prejudice Example:

Liking disliking people with southern accents.

Believe women are weak and emotional

Stereotyping Example:

Country bumpkin, trailer park, forms

Pity

Discrimination Example:

Talk with exaggerated southern accents

Holding the door for women and not men

Group

A set of people who interact over time and have shared goals, fate, or identity

Stereotypes

Cognitive: A believe or association that link a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics (person schema)

Schemas operation

spreading activation.

Social Categorization

We categorize people just like we do other objects

Ingroup

Groups an individual believes they belong to

Outgroup

Groups and individual believes they do not belong to

Ingroup/Outgroup Tendency

Tendency to categorize people into us and them

In-group Bias

Tendency to like the ingroup more

Outgrip Homogeneity Effect (ohe)

Tendency to assume there is a greater similarity among members of out-groups than members of in-groups.

Reasons for OHE

1. Opportunities for learning

2. Memory and retrieval processes

Self- fulfilling prophecies

Perceiver expectations, perceivers behavior toward target, target behavior toward perceiver

Distort perceptions

confirmation bias

Self-fulfilling prophesy founders

Word. Zanna, Cooper (1974)

What do sterieotypes do

Resist change

Priming and spreading activation

Ausomatic: unconscious, unintentional, effortless

Devine 1989

Priming spreads activation sterotype schemas

Automatic activation of stereotypes

automatically triggered in people's minds due to learned associations, regardless of their conscious beliefs

What did devines work find?

stereotypes occurs at an unconscious level, affecting both high-prejudice and low-prejudice individuals.

How to avoid Automatic Sterotyping?

Be motivated to be egalitarian, take perceptive of stereotyped target, form implementation of intention, ignore membership or individual information

Predudice

Negative or positive attitudes towards people based on their membership in certain groups

Discrimination

behavior directed at people based on their membership in a certain grouop

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional or cultural practices that promote domination of one racial group over another.

Old Fashion Racism

Racism that surfaces in subtle ways then it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

Implicit Racism

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

Moden Predjudice

Verbal Behavior

Implicit Prejudice

Non-verbal behavior

Stereotype Threat

Vulnerability experienced by a person from a stereotyped group when their behavior could potentially confirm the stereotype about their group.

Goals of Black Person

To be seen as competent and respected. Looking to see understanding and respect for unique value of racial and ethnic history and culture. Word Choice May code-switch. Result White person is seen as patronizing due to word choice, and feel disrespected because race and culture are not acknowledged.

Goals of white people

Goals of White Person To be seen as likable and warm. Looking to portray themselves as not biased, often by presenting the self as color-blind. Word Choice May use simpler language.

Self Identity Theory

1: Self Esteem= personal identity+social identity

Group identity used to maximize self-esteem

Improve self-esteem by

1. Social Comparison: ingroup favoritism, outgroup derogation

2. Shifting to better group, or increasing own group status.

Realistic conflict theory

Competition for limited resources breeds hostility and results in prejudice and discrimination.

Realistic conflict theory predicts

prejudice and discrimination increase when economic and political areas are uncertain or threatened.

Reduce the problem of intergroup contact

Mutual interdependence of groups  Equal status  Personalized interactions between individuals  Intergroup contact sanctioned by social norms

Contact hypothesis

Direct contact between groups reduces prejudice

Sexism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender, or institutional cultural practices that promote domination of ones gender over another.

Objectification

Womens bodies are treated as mere or objects and less as fully functioning human beings

Hostile Sexism

Negative feelings about womens ability to challenge mens power

Ambivalence

Strong positive and negative responses to the same thing. benevolent and hostile sexism combined

Benevolent sexism

affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need to to be protected

Hostile sexism

negative resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and ability to challenge men’s power.

Implicit Racism

Gender

cultural and perceptions associated with masculinity, feminity, or non-binary genderqueer.

Sex

categories assigned at birth (male,female,intersex)

Attitude

a positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a object or idea.

Idea

democracy, power, greed

Four reaction to attitude objects

High Positive Reaction, Low Positive Reaction, low negative reaction, high negative reaction

Positive Attitude

High positive reaction, low negative reaction

Indifference

Low positive reaction, low negative reaction

Ambivalence (+ and _)

High positive reaction and high negative reaction

Negative attitude

Low positive reaction and high negative reaciton

Tripartite model of attitude

Affect, cognition and behavior are the overall bases for our overall attitude

Attitude Measure

Controlled Response Measured, Uncontrolled response Measure( automatic)

Uncontrolled response Measure( automatic)

Facial EMG, evaluative priming procedure

Controlled Response Measured,

Self reporting Measure (likert scale) or bogus pipline: forced honesty

Self report measures (controlled)

ask people what they like/dislike and their limitations: a respondent might agree with all statements or choose the middle option for every question

Facial Electromyograph (EMG)

Evaluation can be + and _ , causes electro activity due to muscle contractions : limitations muscle activity associated with emotions, imay not be specific to a particular emotion (forehead muscle activity could be both anger and happy)

Strong Attitudes

persist over times, resist persuasion, predict behavior (ex: Christianity, fried chicken)

Weak attitudes

Do not persist, resist predict (ex: extended family, stocks)

Persuasion

the process by which attitudes are changed

Two routes of persuasion

central route and peripheral route

Central route

involves a lot of thought

peripheral route

involves little thought (low motivation and ability to think (not relevant to me and distracted)

central route

involves a lot of thought (high motivation and ability to think, relevant to me, very awake)

Personal relevance

influence route

Argument quality

central route

Source expertise

peripheral route

Cognitive dissonance theory: Leon Festinger (1957)

inconsistent cognitions arouse psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce. (Irrelevant: unrelated , Consonant: related and consistent, Dissonant: related and contradictory)

Justifying difficult decisions

to resolve dissonance, people emphasize the positive of choosing a product and the negative of not.

Insufficient justification paradigm

$20 was sufficient justification for the lie→no dissonance $1 was insufficient justification for the lie→yes dissonance

Alternative Account: Self-Perception (Bem, 1965)

self-perception is purely cognitive, no arousal

Classical Dissonance Theory

disliked the task said it was intresting

Self esteem alternative

i’m am a good person with a + self-esteem , lied with consequences