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culture

set of beliefs, customs, traditions, languages, food, and ways of life that people share in a community or group.

cultural trait

specific characteristic or element of a culture, like a custom, tradition, language, or style of dress.

material culture

physical objects or things that people create and use in their daily lives, like clothing, tools, buildings, or art.

the stuff people make and use that shows their culture.

cultural landscape

visible imprint of human activity on the land, like buildings, roads, or farms, that show how people have shaped their environment.

nonmaterial culture

the ideas, beliefs, values, and customs that a group of people share, but that you can’t physically touch, like religions, traditions, or norms.

mental and emotional part of culture, not the physical things.

ethnocentrism

someone believes their own culture or way of life is better than others.

cultural relativism

we should understand and respect other cultures based on their own values and beliefs, instead of judging them by our own standards.

Local culture

customs, traditions, and ways of life that are specific to a small, particular community or area.

Pop Culture

mainstream culture that’s popular right now, like music, movies, fashion, and social media trends.

ideas, practices, music, fashion, and trends that are widely accepted and enjoyed by the majority of people in a society

Ethnic group

a group of people who share common cultural traits, such as language, traditions, religion, or history, and often have a shared sense of identity.

Indigenous community

a group of people who are the original inhabitants of a region, and they have their own unique culture, traditions, and language that have been passed down for generations.

a group of people who lived in a place first and have deep connections to that land.

Ethnic neighborhood

an area in a city where people from the same ethnic group or cultural background live close together, often sharing the same language, customs, and traditions.

a part of the city where people with a similar heritage and culture form a community.

Gender Roles

how society thinks men and women should behave or what they should do.

Sense of Place

special feeling or importance a place has for someone.

Place making

designing a place where people feel comfortable and at home.

Placelessness

when a place doesn’t feel special or distinctive.

Modernist architecture

a style of buildings that looks simple, sleek, and practical.

Postmodernist architecture

building style that is colorful, creative, and mixes different looks rather than being all about simplicity.

style that emerged as a reaction against modernist architecture. It combines varied styles, decorative elements, and playful designs, often with a sense of irony or humor.

Sequent occupance

idea that different groups of people occupy or live in the same area over time, and each group leaves its mark on the place, shaping it in different ways.

different people live in the same area at different times, and each group changes the place in its own way.

Sacred spaces

places that are considered holy or spiritually important to a particular religion or group of people.

places that have special religious or spiritual meaning.

Subculture

smaller group within a larger culture that has its own distinct beliefs, values, or behaviors that set it apart.

Toponyms

place names.

Centripetal forces

things that unite or bring people together within a country or community, like shared culture, national pride, or common goals.

Centrifugal forces

things that divide or push people apart within a country or community, like cultural differences, political disagreements, or economic issues.

Cultural diffusion

ideas, customs, or practices from one culture spread to and mix with other cultures.

Relocation diffusion

when something spreads because people move and take it with them to a new location.

Expansion diffusion

an idea, trend, or innovation spreads from one place to others, and it grows bigger as it spreads. → expands and spreads out from its original point

Contagious diffusion

an idea, trend, or disease spreads rapidly and widely from one person to another, like how a virus spreads.

Hierarchical diffusion

an idea or trend spreads from larger or more important places (like cities or leaders) to smaller or less important places. → top down

Stimulus diffusion

idea or innovation spreads from one place to another, but it gets adapted or changed to fit the new place.

Lingua franca

a common language that people from different language groups use to communicate with each other, especially for trade or diplomacy.

Creolization

process where different languages and cultures mix together to create something new, like a creole language.

people from different cultures and languages come together and create a new culture or language that blends parts of all of them.

Pidgin

a simplified language that develops when people who speak different languages need to communicate but don’t share a common language.

Creole

a language that develops when people from different language groups mix their languages, often because they need to communicate.

Dialect

a variation of a language spoken by a particular group of people in a specific area.

Colonialism

a country takes control of another area or country, often by settling there and using its resources for their own benefit.

Imperialism

a country takes control of another country or region, often to gain power, resources, or land.

Time-space compression

advances in technology and communication make the world feel smaller and people feel more connected, even though they are far apart.

Cultural convergence

different cultures start to become more similar or blend together over time.

Cultural divergence

a culture becomes different or moves away from another culture over time.

Culture hearth

a place where a culture began and spread to other areas.

Language family

a group of related languages that all came from the same ancient language.

Universalizing religions

religions that try to spread and be followed by people all over the world, not just one culture or place.

Ethnic religions

religions that are closely tied to a specific group of people or a specific place and usually don’t try to convert others.

Monotheism

belief in only one god

Polytheism

belief in many gods.

Animism

natural things like animals, trees, rivers, and mountains have a spirit or soul.

Acculturation

people learn and adopt some parts of a new culture while still keeping parts of their original culture.

Assimilation

a person or group adopts the culture of another group, often losing parts of their original culture over time.

Multiculturalism

presence and acceptance of many different cultures living together in the same place.

Syncretism

different cultures, ideas, or religions blend together to form something new.