hormones and Neurotransmitters

Growth Hormone / Somatotropin (GH)

Function: Stimulates growth in children and adolescents, metabolism rate, maintains body structure

Released from: Anterior Pituitary

Acts on: Bones, Cartilage, adipose, muscle

Type: Direct/indirect hormone peptide

Inhibited: REM sleep and somatostatin

Oxytocin

Function: Milk Ejection and Uterine Contractions

Released from: posterior pituitary

Acts on: Breasts and uterus

Type: Peptide and direct hormone

Inhibited: Relaxin

Anti-Diuretic Hormone / Vasopressin (ADH)

Function: increase water reabsorption, regulates BP by vasoconstriction

Released from: Posterior Pituitary

Acts on: Kidneys and blood vessels

Type: Peptide and direct hormone

Inhibited: Atrial Naturietic Peptide ANP and Alcohol and calcium

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Function: thryoid releasse of T3 and T4 to regulate heartrate, body temp, metabolism

Released from: Anterior Pituitary

Acts on: Thyroid gland

Type: Indirect hormone and peptide

Inhibited: negative feedback of T3 and T4

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Function: Sperm and Egg production

Released from: Anterior Gland

Acts on: Ovaries and Testes

Type: indirect and peptide

Inhibited: progesterone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Function: function to increasing production of progesterone and testosterone

Released from: Anterior Pituitary

Acts on: Leydig cells and ovaries

Type: indirect and peptide

Inhibited: estrogen progesterone, testosterone, and ghrelin

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Function: To release cortisol in response to stress to regulate glucose protein and lipid metabolism

Released from: Anterior Pituitary

Acts on: Adrenal Glands

Type: indirect and peptide

Inhibited: by cortisol

Prolactin

Function: Milk production and plays role in breast development

Released from: Anterior Pituitary

Acts on: mammillary glands

Type: peptide hormone and direct

Inhibited: dopamine

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Function: release TSH

Released from: Hypothalamus

Acts on: Pituitary gland

Type: Peptide Hormone and indirect

Inhibited: T3 and T4

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Function: release FSH and LH

Released from: Hypothalamus

Acts on: Pituitary gland

Type: Peptide Hormone and indirect

Inhibited: by progesterone and Testosterone

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Function: to release GH

Released from: Hypothalamus

Acts on: Pituitary gland

Type: Peptide Hormone and indirect

Inhibited: inhibited by somatostatin

corticotropin releasing Hormone

Function: to release ACTH

Released from: Hypothalamus

Acts on: Pituitary gland

Type: Peptide Hormone and indirect

Inhibited: by cortisol

Ghrelin

Function: regulates appetite, the hunger hormone

Released from: stomach by G cells in period of fasting

Acts on: Brain

Type: Peptide hormone and direct hormone

Inhibited: inhibited by presence of food and leptin and insulin

Leptin

Function: decrease hnger

Released from: Adipocytes

Acts on: Brain and hypothalamus

Type: Direct hormone and peptide

Inhibited: absence of food, ghrelin, and glucagon

Cortisol

Function: increase blood sugar in response to stress and suppresses immune system and regulates BP

Released from: Adrenal Cortex

Acts on: Liver muscle adipose tissue and pancreas

Type: direct and steroid

Inhibited: regulation of stress and healthy lifestyle and leptin and morphine

Calcitriol

Function: to increase Ca levels in blood

Released from: Kidneys stimulated by PTH and Prolactin

Acts on: bone osteoclasts

Type: direct and steroid hormone

Inhibited: Increase Blood Ca levels and Calcitonin

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Function: to regulate Ca levels in blood

Released from: parathyroid gland

Acts on: Kidneys bones and intestines

Type: direct and peptide hormone

Inhibited: Ca homeostasis

Calcitonin

Function: Regulates blood Ca and inhibits Osteo clasts to reduce Ca levels

Released from: C-cells of thyroid gland

Acts on: bone osteoclasts

Type: Peptide hormone

Inhibited: by low Ca and somatostatin

epinephrine

Function: increase HR increase blood sugar and vasoconstriction and dilate bronchi

Released from: adrenal medulla

Acts on: Heart

Type: indirect and amine

Inhibited: by beta blockers

norepinephrine

Function: increase HR increase blood sugar and vasoconstriction and dilate bronchi

Released from: Adrenal Medulla

Acts on: Blood Vessels

Type: indirect and amine

Inhibited: Healthy stress free life and antidepressants

Melatonin

Function: synchronize bodies internal clock with environment

Released from: pineal gland in response to darkness and circadian rhythm

Acts on: hypothalamus

Type: peptide and direct

Inhibited: by light exposure and stress

Aldosterone / Mineralocorticoids

Function: increase BP and electrolyte balance. Na reabsorbing and water retention

Released from: Adrenal cortex

Acts on: kidneys

Type: direct and steroid

Inhibited: dopamine and ANP

Insulin

Function: lower blood sugar and promotes glycogen storage

Released from: pancreas Beta cells

Acts on: blood vessels and liver

Type: peptide and direct hormone

Inhibited: by norepinephrine and somatostatin

Gucagon

Function: Raises blood sugar and promotes glycogen breakdown

Released from: Pancreas Alpha cells

Acts on: blood vessels and liver

Type: peptide and direct

Inhibited: high blood sugar and insulin and somatostatin

Somatostatin (Growth inhibiting hormone)

Function: inhibits release of other hormone and GI tract activity

Released from: Hypothalamus, GI Tract, pancreas, CNS, stimulated by gastrin

Acts on: everything

Type: peptide and direct

Inhibited: by a lot of other GH hormones and GHRH

Cholecystokinin / pancreozymin (CCK)

Function: to release bile to emulsify fast and pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

Released from: small intestine

Acts on: gall bladder

Type: peptide and indirect

Inhibited: somatostatin, bile acids, trpysin

gastrin

Function: stimulates release of gastric acid HCl

Released from: release from G cells in SI and stomach

Acts on: parietal cells

Type: peptide hormone

Inhibited: somatostatin, secretin, acid

Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4 inactive T3)

Function: regulates metabolism, digestive, HR, essential for normal growth, and bone development. Increases alertness. Increases HR and blood volume. Increases Protein synthesis and breakdown

Released from: Thyroid gland

Acts on: everywhere

Type: amine and direct

Inhibited: by high T3 and T4

Secretin

Function: stimulates release of juices from pancreas to neutralize stomach acid and inhibits more stomach acid production

Released from: Small intestine

Acts on: Pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

Type: peptide and direct

Inhibited: somatostatin

Testosterone

Function: sperm production, muscle mass, and bone density

Released from: Leydig cells

Acts on: testes, bones, and muscle

Type: steroid and direct

Inhibited: cortisol and estrogen

Estrogen

Function: effect formation of endometrium tissue through the menstrual cycle

Released from: ovaries

Acts on: ovaries, uterine,

Type: steroid and direct

Inhibited: progesterone, testosterone, prolactin, thyroid hormone

Progesterone

Function: prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized egg

Released from: corpus luteum

Acts on: uterine lining

Type: steroid and direct

Inhibited: death of corpus luteum, placenta, cortisol

Relaxin

Function: soften and dilate the cervix making child birth easier

Released from: corpus luteum and placenta

Acts on: cervix

Type: peptide and direct

Inhibited: child born

Atrial Naturiatic Peptide / factor (ANP)

Function: lowers BP, through vasodilation and water excretion and inhibits RAAS system

Released from: atria of the Heart

Acts on: blood vessels and kidneys

Type: peptide hormone and direct

Inhibited: Angiotensin II and High ANP levels

Angiotensin II

Function: raising blood pressure through vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone and ADH

Released from: adrenal glands

Acts on: kidneys and blood vessels

Type: peptide and indirect

Inhibited: high blood and ACTH and ANP and dopamine

Dopamine

Function: effects CNS and PNS involved in award motivation and movement control. Happy hormone

Released from: release from hypothalamus

Acts on: everywhere

Type: amine and direct hormone

Inhibited: parkinson’s disease, serotonin, prolactin, and growth hormone

Serotonin

Function: mood sleep and digestive

Released from: hypothalamus

Acts on: Brain and rest of the body

Type: amine hormone and direct

Inhibited: dopamine, estrogen