bio i chapter 2 vocabulary

covalent bonds

sharing electrons between atoms

hydrocarbons

c-h compounds

• nonpolar

• do not form hydrogen bonds

• insoluble in water

benzene

carbon ring with alternating double bonds

carboxyl group

-cooh

amine group

nh2

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons

hydrogen bonds

form between h+ and a slightly negative atom

hydrophilic

• readily dissolves in water

• ionic and polar

hydrophobic

• does not readily dissolve in water

• nonpolar

solute

component in solution that is dissolved

solvent

component in solution that does the dissolving

pH

• the concentration of hydronium ions (h3o+, usually abbreviated to h+)

• pH = -log10[H+]

acids

• release hydrogen ions (protons) into solution

• low pH

bases

• reduce the number of protons in a solution

• high pH

van der waals attractions

• weakest kind of interactions

• can happen between between any two atoms

• play a significant role in the interaction between two large molecules

electrostatic attractions

• occur between both fully charged and partially charged groups of polar molecules

• string in absence of water

• weak in water

carbohydrates

• elements involved: CHO

• monomer: monosaccharide

• polymer: disaccharide, polysaccharide, oligosaccharide

• type of bond: glycosidic bond

• example(s): glucose

lipids

• elements involved: CHOP

• monomer: fatty acids, glycerol

• polymer: triglycerol, phospholipid, steroid, glycolipid

• type of bond: ester linkage

• example(s): saturated (butter) & non-saturated (olive oil)

proteins

• elements involved: CHON

• monomer: amino acid

• polymer: polypeptide

• type of bond: peptide bonds

• example(s): insulin, hemoglobin

nucleic acids

• elements involved: CHONP

• monomer: nucleotide

• polymer: dna, rna

• type of bond: phosphodiester

• example(s): actg in dna, acug in rna

atp

• adenosine tri-phosphate

• energy carrier

• synthesized from adp and another phosphate group

• releases energy when hydrolyzed back into adp