6.4 New Imperialism and the Later Qing DynastyWhat

What were the goals of political imperialism in Southeast Asia?

To use Chinese/Indian/African workers on plantations, to create an export economy around cash crops

French Indochina

Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos

Political Imperialism in French Indochina

Ethnic Hierarchy: French > Vietnamese > Khmer -> Resentment

What were the effects of Political Imperialism in French Indochina?

Growing ethnic tensions, immigration, and missionaries (Spread of Christianity). European interest in South-east Asia history -> Looting for Museum + Increased Pride -> Nationalism

Social Problems in the Later Qing Dynasty

Ethnic/Class Tensions (Han vs Machu), Famines + Natural Disasters

Political Problems in the Later Qing Dynasty

Corruption and mistrust of the Government, Neo-Confucian Elites resisting reform

Economic Problems in the Later Qing Dynasty

Lack of Industrialization

British Trade with the Qing Dynasty in the Canton System

Britain has a trade deficit with the Qing Dynasty, so it trades Indian Opium rather than gold. The Qing Dynasty wishes to be self-sufficient, so it limits foreign trade, angering Britain ("Violation of Free Trade"), so Britain smuggles Opium into the country

What effects did Opium trade have on the Qing Dynasty?

Opium Crises: Opium Dens, Addiction, Social and Labor Disruption, Economic Toll, eventually outlawed in 1729, but still smuggled

What caused the Opium Wars?

The Qing government deliberately destroying Opium shipments (1839) causing the 1st Opium War and disagreeing/not following the treaty causing the 2nd Opium War.

Why did the British win the Opium wars?

The British used industrialized military technology: British Iron Steamships vs Qing Junk ships

Treaty of Nanking

(1842) China cannot restrict Opium trade and must pay for the Wars, Hong Kong as British colony, Britain has special trading status (Sphere of Influence)

What was the overall result of the Opium Wars and the Treaty of Nanking?

Decrease in Chinese economic independence

The Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) Han Peasants vs Machu and Western Capitalists, Creation of "Heavenly Kingdom" in South China, Massacre ♽︎, Conquest ♽︎, Disease, and starvation (20 million deaths)

What caused the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)?

Class Tensions, Weakness of Qing Government, Resistance to western capitalism, Spread of Christianity, Hong Xiuquan

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping rebellion, Had a "vision" that he was the brother of Jesus Christ, spread it and gained believers/followers

How did the Taiping rebellion end?

Western powers assisted the Qing Dynasty for economic self-interest -> Taiping rebellion crushed

Spheres of influence

Sectioning of China for where different (western) countries were given/allowed economic dominance of different areas

Extraterritoriality

western merchants are not subject to Chinese laws

How did the Spheres of Influence affect China?

China in trade deficit for 1st time in history: Chinese imports of European manufactured goods, Loss of Economic Power (Forced Deficit)

How did the various wars and rebellions affect Chinese people?

Increased resentment of westerners -> Chinese Nationalism, The VISIBLE weakness of the Qing -> Calls for modernization and reform

Self-Strengthening Movement

(1861-1895) Attempt to westernize Chinese military and economy without changing tradition (Ideology)

What caused the general failure of the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)?

No industrialization limited potential change, Neo-Confucianism -> Resistance to major social/cultural/administrative change.

How did the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) attempt political reform?

Abolish the civil service exam to (Unsuccessfully) get rid of Neo-Confucian scholars as tradition was the greatest barrier to modernization

Problems continuing through the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)?

Spheres of Influence, War with Japan (1st Sino-Japanese War) -> Loss of Territory, Ethnic/Class divisions

The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

The "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists"/Boxers kill Christian missionaries and Chinese, given support by the Qing Government as they hoped to reduce foreign influence

What caused the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)?

Resistance to western influence: Spheres of Influence +++ Christian Missionaries

How did the West react to the Boxer rebellion (1899-1901)?

As it was a threat to the Spheres of Influence and Citizen the Eight Nation Alliance was created and sent troops -> Boxer Rebellion (Qing) being crushed and the West takes even more control

Eight Nation Alliance

Austria-Hungary + France + Germany + Italy + Japan + Russia + United Kingdom + The United States