Acid Base Balance and GI disorders

Acidosis

blood pH is less than 7

Alkalosis

blood pH is more than 7

Anorexia

Lack of desire to eat despite hunger stimuli

Vomiting

Forceful emptying of stomach and intestinal contents through mouth

Nausea

Subjective experience associated with inclination to vomit

constipation

Difficult or infrequent defecation deviating from the norm

Diarrhea

Increase in the frequency of defecation, fluidity, volume, and weight of feces as a protective body response

Osmotic diarrhea

Nonabsorbable substance in the intestine that draws water into the lumen

Secretory diarrhea

Form of large-volume diarrhea caused by excessive mucosal secretion of chloride or bicarbonate rich fluid or inhibition of net absorption

Motility diarrhea

Caused by resected intestine that is being used as a bypass for the remaining SI tract

Parietal pain

Localized pain located in the parietal peritoneum

Visceral pain

Poorly localized pain arising from stimulus acting on an abd. organ

Referred pain

Pain that is felt in a different part of the body to where it originated

hematemesis

Presence of blood in the vomitus

hematochezia

Bright red or burgundy blood from the rectum

melena

Dark tarry stools indicating digestion of blood as it transits GI tract

Occult bleeding

Slow, chronic blood loss that is not obvious

dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing

Functional dysphagia

Dysphagia caused by neural or muscular disorders that interfere with voluntary swallowing or peristalsis

achalasia

Rate disorder related to denervation of smooth muscle in the middle and lower portions of the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

GERD

Reflux of chyme from the stomach to the esophagus

Hiatal hernia

Type of diaphragmatic hernia where the protrusion of the upper part of the stomach goes through the diaphragm into the thorax

Sliding hiatal hernia

Most common hiatal hernia, stomach slides into thoracic cavity

Rolling hiatal hernia

Herniation where the curvature lies next to the esophagus and can restrict blood flow

Pyloric obstruction

Narrowing or blocking of the opening between stomach and duodenum

congenital

Condition acquired at birth

Intestinal obstruction

Caused by any condition that prevents normal flow of chyme through intestine

simple obstruction

Mechanical blockage caused by physical object, usually a lesion

Functional obstruction

Failure of motility caused by dysfunction of nerves

gastritis

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

Acute gastritis

Injury of protective mucosal barrier by H pylori, drugs, or chemicals

Chronic gastritis

Occurs frequently in elderly individuals causing thinning and degeneration of stomach wall

Peptic ulcer disease

Break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum

Gastric ulcers

Ulcers of the stomach

Stress ulcer

Acute ulcer form that accompanies severe illness, systemic trauma, or neural injury

Dumping syndrome

Rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme from surgically created residual stomach

Alkaline reflux gastritis

Stomach inflammation caused by bile reflux and alkaline pancreatic secretions

anemia

Decreased blood cells. Gastrectomy can cause this leading to decreased iron, vit b12, or folate

maldigestion

Failure of chemical processes of digestion that occur in intestinal lumen or brush border of intestinal mucosa

malabsorption

Failure of intestinal mucosa to absorb or transport the digest nutrients

Celiac disease

Digestive disorder characterized by damaged small intestine when digesting gluten

Pancreatic insufficiency

Deficient production of pancreatitis enzymes needed to break down fats, sugars, and starches

Lactase deficiency

Deficient production of lactase needed to breakdown lactose contained in milk products

Bile salt deficiency

Conjugated bile acids that are necessary for the digestion and absorption of fats

Ulcerative colitis

Inflammation of the colon causing ulceration from the rectum to the colon

Crohn disease

Inflammatory disorder that affects any part of the GI from mouth to anus

Diverticula

Small bulging pouches formed in the small intestine

Obesity

BMI greater than 30

anorexia

Psychiatric disorder and physiologic syndrome that is characterized by undereating

Bulimia

Emotional disorder characterized by binge eating and purging through forced vomiting

marasmus

Protein energy deficiency caused by deprivation of food; severe calorie deficit

kwashiorkor

Protein energy deficiency in the presence of increased carbohydrate intake; severe protein deficit