Cycle 20

psychology

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

OCD

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

PTSD

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one which must be either depressed or loss of interest or pleasure

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

hallucination

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

somatic symptom disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic form without apparent physical cause

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

DID

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternatives binge eating with purging or fasting

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

personality disorder

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person, usually man, exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing

Albert Ellis

founded rational emotive behavior therapy, also known for cognitive reconstruction

Aaron Beck

father of cognitive therapy, also known for work on clinical depression