Kingdom Animalia: Sponges, Cnidarians and Worms

Phylum Porifera

Includes sponges

“Pore bearers”

Simplest animal

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

evolved from unicellular protists

No organs or tissues but specialized cells

Found in fresh and salt water

Body plan sponges

Consists of a system of water canals

Outer layer is made up of FLAT CELLS: epithelial cells and epidermal cells

Inner layer consisted of flagellated collar cells or choanocytes that are responsible for collating water through the sponge

Flagella beat to men water through. The incurrent pores OSTIUM AND OUT THROUGH THE OSCULUM

Amoebocytes

jelly like substance that is in between the epidermis and choanocytes is in charge of travelling around an distributing food and oxygen to the epidermal cells

Also secrete spicules and gametes

Also in gemmules

Skeletal material sponges

Spogin : soft network of sulfours protein fibres that aid in elasticity and support

Spicules: tiny hard rod like skeletal particles that stick out of the epidermis and provide support and protection

They can be made up of calcium carbonate mate and silica glass

Some can be both Spogin and spicules

Classes of Sponges (based on skeletal comp)

Classes:

Calcarea, Calcium carbonate spicules, small barrel like openings

Hexactinellida: silica spicules that are very large and glassy, almost milky in colour

Demospongia: both protein Spogin and silica spicules, leuconoid( large and complex) Loofa

Extra class of sponges

C- cc-m

G-S-m

S-swag-mf

Symmetry of sponges

Asymmetrical

Movement sponge

Sessile (no move)

Worksheet

Here’s a very simple and clear version of your worksheet filled out for each phylum:

Phylum: Porifera (Sponges)

• Symmetry: Asymmetrical (no symmetry)

• Special Features: Pores, choanocytes, no tissues or organs

• Body Plan: Sac-like, hollow inside (spongocoel)

• Digestion (Feeding): Filter feeders

• Respiration: Diffusion (through body surface)

• Circulation: None (diffusion)

• Excretion: Diffusion

• Reproduction: Asexual (budding) and sexual (sperm + egg)

• Response to the Environment: Very little; no nerves

• Classes in Phylum: Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae

• Examples: Sea sponge, bath sponge

Phylum: Cnidaria

• Symmetry: Radial

• Special Features: Stinging cells (cnidocytes), nematocysts

• Body Plan: Two forms — polyp and medusa

• Digestion (Feeding): Gastrovascular cavity, one opening

• Respiration: Diffusion

• Circulation: None (diffusion)

• Excretion: Diffusion

• Reproduction: Asexual (budding) and sexual

• Response to the Environment: Nerve net, responds to touch/light

• Classes in Phylum: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa

• Examples: Jellyfish, sea anemone, coral, hydra

Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Special Features: Flattened body, simple brain, flame cells

• Body Plan: Acoelomate (no body cavity)

• Digestion (Feeding): Gastrovascular cavity, one opening

• Respiration: Diffusion

• Circulation: None

• Excretion: Flame cells (for water/waste)

• Reproduction: Mostly sexual; some are hermaphrodites

• Response to the Environment: Ganglia + nerve cords, eyespots

• Classes in Phylum: Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

• Examples: Planarian, fluke, tapeworm

Phylum: Nematoda (Roundworms)

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Special Features: Round body, complete digestive tract

• Body Plan: Pseudocoelomate (fake body cavity)

• Digestion (Feeding): Mouth and anus (complete system)

• Respiration: Diffusion

• Circulation: None

• Excretion: Excretory canals

• Reproduction: Mostly sexual (separate sexes)

• Response to the Environment: Simple brain + nerves

• Classes in Phylum: Secernentea, Adenophorea

• Examples: Hookworm, pinworm, filarial worm

Phylum: Annelida (Segmented Worms)

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Special Features: Segmented body, setae (bristles), closed circulatory system

• Body Plan: Coelomate (true body cavity)

• Digestion (Feeding): Complete (mouth → anus)

• Respiration: Diffusion through skin

• Circulation: Closed system (blood vessels)

• Excretion: Nephridia (filters waste)

• Reproduction: Sexual; some are hermaphrodites

• Response to the Environment: Brain + nerve cords, responds well

• Classes in Phylum: Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudinea

• Examples: Earthworm, leech, marine worm

Feeding sponge

Sponges are filter feeders, they obtain food by filtering out food like bacteria, protists,algae and plankton. water and food enter through the incurrent pores- OSTIUM and exit through the excirrent pore OSCULUM. Food is trapped by the choanocytes with the help of the flagella in order to trap the food then its digestion within the cell or amoebocyte.

Respiration of sponge

They respire through diffusion

They are obligate aerobes(need oxygen) the constant water flow in the body cavity allows for a fresh supply of oxygens to carry out to the cells and carries AWAY CO2

Oxygen diffuses into the cells from the water

Excretion sponges

As water passes through, cells can absorb oxygen and water wil be excreted. The amebocytes digest food particles and transport waster materials to the surface and carried away with the water current out the osculum

Response to environment sponges

Sponges do both a and s

Sexual reproduction in sponges ,

Monocytes will produce gametes and the egg and sperm, which the egg will be fertilized by the sperm and turn into zygote then larva to sponge m, most sponges are hermaphrodites making them have both egg and sperm

Asexually they can reproduce by:

BUDDING: where a new spong will grow of the old one and eventually grow and break off

REGENERATION: a new body part will regrow

GERMMULES- sponges create sacs with amobeocytes covered by a hard outer covering with spicules which can endure harsh condition like freezing and drying

Under favourable conditions the ambiences will escape produce gametes and ur will sleep op into flagellated larva and into new sponge

Phylum Cnidaria

Also known as phylum coelenterata

Includes hydra jellyfish obelia Portuguese man of war sea anemones sea pens sea ferns sea plumes corals

Cnidos- stinging nettle in Greek

Soft bodied animals with stinging tentacles

Cnidarian symmetry

Radial symmetry

Body Plan of Cnidarain

Body plan is a soft bodied animal with two tissue layers:

Epidermis: serviced from the germ layer ectoderm outer layer

Gastrodermjs: derived from the inner layer of the endoderm, and secrete digestive juices in the gut

Don’t have a mesoderm but have a jelly like substance and have no organs, called the mesoglea in between the epidermis and gastrodermjs

Body forms of cnid

Polyp: sessile and immoblie, use its base to stick to surfaces, cylinder tube shape with tentacles and mouth facing up

Medusa: free floating and motile, umbrella shaped body with mouth and tentacles on central end, looks like upside down polyp

Label and functions sponge

OSTIUM

• Tiny pores where water enters the sponge.

Porocyte

• Cells that form the ostia (the pores) and control water flow into the sponge.

Atrium

(also called spongocoel)

• Big central cavity where water collects inside the sponge.

Osculum

• Large opening at the top where water exits the sponge.

Choanocytes (collar cells)

• Flagellated cells that create water currents and trap food particles.

Amoebocytes

• Moving cells that:
  

  • Deliver nutrients to other cells

  • Produce spicules or spongin

  • Help with digestion and repair.

Epidermis

• Outer layer of flat cells that protect the sponge.

Spicules/Spongin

• Support structures:
  

  • Spicules are hard (made of silica or calcium carbonate).

  • Spongin is soft and flexible (made of protein).

Super Quick One-Line Summary:

Water in (ostium & porocyte) → collected (atrium) → food trapped (choanocyte) → nutrients moved (amoebocyte) → water out (osculum); all protected (epidermis) and supported (spicules/spongin).

Label and function of cnid

Tentacles

• Catch prey and bring food to the mouth; loaded with stinging cells.

Mouth

• Opening for food intake and waste release (one opening does both).

Cnidocytes

• Specialized stinging cells located mostly on the tentacles; they trigger when touched.

Nematocysts

• Tiny harpoons inside cnidocytes; they shoot out to sting, poison, or trap prey.

Epidermis

• Outer skin layer; protects the body and contains cnidocytes.

Gastrodermis

• Inner layer lining the gut; digests food inside the gastrovascular cavity.

Bud

• Asexual reproduction structure; a new individual grows off the parent.

Ovaries

• Produce eggs for sexual reproduction.

Testes

• Produce sperm for sexual reproduction.

Mesoglea

• Jelly-like layer between epidermis and gastrodermis; provides support and elasticity (more watery in jellyfish, thinner in polyps).

Part	Function
Gastrovascular cavity	Central cavity where digestion happens
Basal disc	Sticky structure at the bottom for attachment (mostly in polyps like anemones)

Super Quick One-Line Summary:

Tentacles catch, cnidocytes sting, nematocysts shoot, mouth eats/wastes, gastrodermis digests, epidermis protects, mesoglea supports, ovaries/testes reproduce, buds grow clones.

Polymorphism

Can switch between forms, polyp and Medusa

How: not like spiderman

Some can have different forms in their lifecycle while others can be more dominant in one

Movement

Although most are sessile WHNE in polyp form, they can have contractile muscle like fibres found in the epidermis and gastrodermis, jellyfish can drift and swim with pulsing action, while the contact their muscles they can exert water from the concave oral sude

Feeding in cnid

Cnidarians are carnivores

Have tentacles that’s can sting, paralyze or kill prey

They have CNIDOCYTES which are stinging cells on the surface of the tentacle

Nemocyst which can discharged to eitehr trap or sting the prey, they have a toxic that can kill or paralyze prey and it’s used for protection and capturing prey

Nice caught it will be drawn into mouth where it will be brought to the gastrovascukar cavity the sac like gut, which will then use its digestive juices to break down the food using the extra cellular digestion, once digestion the nutrients will abosivr throughout the body, the ones that remain undigestied will go back through the mouth

Excretion in cnid

They can ingest food and except indigestion waste or food from the mouth

Response to environment cnid

They ah e a collection of never cells that form a NERVE NET, (primitive brain) located between the epidermis and mesoglea they also have STATOCYST for balance and freeing which way is up and OCELLI for presence of light and direction

Reproduction in Cnid

Asexual- in polyps by budding

Sexual- in Medusa stage, by exchanging gametes from one to another SPERM Fertilizes egg!!! Then it will turn into zygote and it will be a ciliated larva and move to a diffrent location to become a polyp

Life cycle of a ducking jellyfish

EGG AND SPERM

SPERM FERTILZES EGG ZYGOTE FORMS

TO A PLANULA LARVA

THEN POLYP

THEN SCYPHISTOMA

STROBILA

EPHYRA

MEDUSA

Classes of Cnidarians

HYDROZOA

Water animals, includes hydra, obelia,Portuguese man of war, sea ferns and plumes, mostly polyp form, salt and fresh water

Hydra: budding, small polyp off the parent polyp , sexually by exchanging gametes and then to planula larva to a diffrent loco to become a polyp

Obelia: a polyp colony with a protective layer of chitin, budding also takes place, Medusa either do ovaries or testes, sexually when gametes are exchange to ciliated larva to move and form a polyp colony,

Portuguese man of war:

Is a colony, meaning the polyps kinda from into one

The organization polyp will become afloat and the others will be specialized in feeding or reproduction, they have one long stinging tentacle

ANTHOZOA:

Flower like animal , includes sea anemones, coral and sea pens, only polyp form

Coral: Colonial live together, secrete calcium carbonate skeletons, these coral are accumulations of them , they have a symbiotic relationship with algae or protist which live in the tissues and provide extra food source for them

SCYPHOZOA :

Includes jelly fish, bowl like animals, primarily in Medusa stage, polyp stage is very small, tropical areas, 90% water

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Includes flukes, tapeworms and planaria

They are flatworms, free living or parasitic

Sym of platy

Bilateral

Movement platt

They moved by muscle contractions and cilia (short hair like projections)

Feeding in Platy

They are carnivores and scavengers (dead shat), need a sensory organs to search for food, has complete digestive system with mouth and anus, PHARYNX: muscular tube that sucks in food to the gastrovascular cavity : sac like gut branched, (breaks down food and digestion)

Tapeworm

Parasitic, doesn’t have complete digestive system as it doesn’t need to nesscaryly feed, it attaches onto host intestinal wall with its suckers or hookers on scolex the head region, and feeds on blood and tissue fluids and can just absorb nutrients passing by since it’s already been digested

Body plan of plat

Dorsal ventral flattened worm, is acoelmate ( no body cavity, no soaceee)

Three layers of embryonic tissues:

Ectoderm (out)

Endoderm (in)

Mesoderm (mid)

Respiration of plat

They depend on diffusion for their flat bodies to transport oxygen throughout the body and get rid of metabolic wastes

Circulation for play

depend on diffusion for internal transport (no system)

Excretion I. Plat

They use water regulation for their system(what is water regulation: regulate how much water is in system and

• Flame cells have little beating cilia (tiny hair-like structures) that move water and waste into small tubules.

• The fluid (mostly excess water and some waste) is then pushed out of the body through little pores.

• This helps keep the right balance of water (important since they live in watery environments and could swell up otherwise))

Have two structures called protonephridia which has flame cells: that pump out excess water into tubules that open to the outside

Response to environment in platy

They have a collection of nerve cells at the anterior end called CEREBRAL GANGLION, has CEPHALIZATION, EYESPOTS: detect intesity of light and direction based on where shadows lie on them AURICLES: Chemoreceptors for taste

Extra facts of play

Tapeworms lack cephalization, nervous system more complex than nerve net and have a ladder like nerve system, with a nerve cord

Reproduction of platy

Reproduce asexually through regeneration and binary fission. Reproduction is mostly sexual by COPULATION, by physically compiling on top of eachother and exchanging gametes, some are hermaphrodites has both ovaries and testes and have larval stages

Classes of platy

Turbellaria: includes free living planaria, carnivorous freshwater, have one sac like gut with openning

TREMATODA:

Includes flukes liver lung and blood, they are parasitic and lack cephalization, have strong suckers on scolex to attach to the intestinal wall, and have it on both sides

CESTODA:

Includes tapeworms, parasitic, lack cephalization, live in secondary’s just intestine, tapeworms are harmful excrete toxins, absorb nutrients and block intestines, there secondary host are ogs and cattle, tapeworms can be contracted by uncooked meat like pork, they have no digestive systems which is why they live in a diffrent one, and they absorb nutrients directly since they are already broken down

Platy functions and label

Part	Function
Mouth	Takes in food and gets rid of waste (only one opening).
Pharynx	Muscular tube that sucks in food and moves it into the body.
Gastrovascular cavity	Digestive space where food is broken down and absorbed.
Eyespots	Detect light (but don’t form images — just sense light and dark).
Auricles	Lobed structures on the head that detect chemicals (like smell).
Flame cells	Remove excess water and help with waste removal (water balance).
Protonephridia	Network of tubes that carry water/waste out of the body (connected to flame cells).
Nerve cords	Bundles of nerves that carry messages throughout the body.
Ganglia	Simple “brain” — controls responses to the environment.
Body wall (epidermis)	Part	Function
	Scolex	Head region with hooks and suckers to attach to the host.
	Proglottids	Body segments filled with reproductive organs (eggs and sperm).

Phylum Nematoda

Includes roundworms, hookworms, ascaris and trichina, free living or parasitic

Sum N

Bilateral

Body plan of N

Covered in cuticle which are small hairs that can aid in movement, have three tissue layers 1 ectoderm 2 endoderm 3 mesoderm

PSEUDOCOELOMATE:

Have a false body cavity ( coelom) doesn’t develop from the mesoderm, TUBE WITHIN A TUBE

Movement NEMA

They move by the use of muscle contractions , that run down the length of their body, can move like snacks or thrash through the soil

Reproduction NEM

They have separate sexes and use sexual reproduction internal and freaky gametes

Feeding NEMA

They have one long muscular tube that extends from anterior to posterior called the pharynx, they are herbivores, carnivores, saprotrophs, and parasites

RESPIRATION OF NEM

They use diffusion no respiratory system

Response of environ NEMA

They have lateral( away form teh middle more side) and ventral nerve cords

Excretion NEMA

Through CANALS

Class of NEMA

CLASS SECERNENTEA

Includes hookworms, ascaris, filarial, trichinella

ASCARIS:

Parasitic, live in intestines of humans pigs and horses, pointed at both ends ( woman is always bigger)

HOOKWORMS:

they enter when you step barefoot on soil that is contaminated with feces from infected host, then they will bore through your skin, and move through your blood stream through heart and lungs to be coughed up and spelled into ur digestive tract to live in the onetime using they jaws and anti clotting chemical cause it to bleed and they feed off of this (chew at wall) they can cause severe blood loss and anemia

( Anemia is when you don’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen through your body.)

TRICHINELLA

Found in muscles of pigs mice rats and human in the form of cysts, get here by eating u cooked pork, and once in your intestinal tract can reproduce millions of worms then born thorough the intestinal wall, the offspring will travel in the blood stream and surround themselves in a wall or capsule of limestone form cysts in your muscles like beady miracles

ELEPHANTIASIS:

Human disease caused by filarial worms ( Filarial worms are tiny parasitic roundworms that live in blood or tissues and can cause diseases like elephantiasis.) characterized by the gross swelling and marathon aid the body’s lymphatic system, causing accumulation of body fluids and causing a blockage, their secondary host is mosquitos that carry the larva and send through the blood

Phylum annelida

Includes segwmented worms, includes earthworms, leeches and sandworms, they have a organ system: digestive, excretory, nervous, muscular and reproductive, parasitic and free living can be on land and aqua

Symmetry Annelida

Bilateral

Body plan of annelida

They are have segments, and complete system, PROTOMIUM: upper lips of mouth that has sensory receptors, SETAE: hair liek projections on the belly side that anchor worm to allow it to move and hold on

COELOMATE: TRUE body cavity lined with mesoderm, and has fluid and space for organs to move, ACTS AS A SKELETON

Movement anne

two muscles allowing it to move

Reproduction Annelida

Some reproduce mostly by sexual reproductive and some ascuel,

Earthworms dn leeches are hermoahrpodicto and have both ovaries and testes and can produce egg and sperm.

Sperm sacs will carry the sperm that will be attached to the testes in order to give sperm, and ovaries will be connectors to tubes called oviduvts to send out eggs

CLITELLUM:

Functions during reproduction and is segements 32-37

The slime band will produce around the clitellym where the oviducts will deposit eggs, band moves towards and over the SEMINAL VESICLES and they will release sperm into the egg to fertilize, the it will move forward and slides over the worm and become a sealed clock on for the fertilized eggs ( to prevent drying)

External reproduction: shedding gametes into the water

Interned: copulation

Respiration in ANNE

They have no special system for gas exchanges o2 for co2 but use diffusion directly from capillaries in skin and air on the soil

FEEDING IN ANNE

They feed on bacteria from soil, using their mouth below prostomium soil is sucked in theory the muscular pharynx which acts like a pump and goes through the esophagus and to the crop to store food and then to the gizzard which grinds the food, then goes into the intestines to complete digestion and absorb nutrients , digestive tract ends with the anus, and has tow body openings mouth and anus

Excretion in ANNELIDA

waste exist through anus and excretion of NITROGENOUS WASTER IS BY PRIMARIBE LIDNEST CALLED THE NEPHRIDIA , and there’s two in each segment

Circulatory system

Main function is to carry food and oxygen to cells and waster away from cells,

THEY AHVE A CLOSED circulatory system with :

Blood

Blood vessels:

Dorsal blood vessels, that carry blood from posterior to anterior

Ventral blood vessels that carry blood from anterior to posterior

Blood vessels will be connected by small tubes through the worm

AORTIC ARCHES:

Primitive hearts found in’s segments 7-11 near the end of the esophagus, consisted of five pairs of enlarged muscular blood vessels branch of the dorsal vessel and connect to the ventral vessel

Alternately contract and relax to keep blood flowing

STEPS:

Blood flows posterity through the VENTRAL BLOOD VESSEL AND TJNE THROUGH THE CAPILLARIES IN THE BODY WELL, then nephridida which removed the nitrogenous waters, then through the digestive tract where it will go to the corals blood vessel, once in dorsal blood vessel it will be pumped by the hearts to to ventral blood vessel again

Response to the environment ANNE

Two lobed Brain, cephalization

Have a ventral nerve cord runs the length of the body, each segment has a swelling of the nerve tissues that branches onto the segment Poesses photoreceptors (light sensitive) chemorecoeptors(chemical sensitive) and mechanoreceptor(vibration sensitive) like movement and crap

Classes of ANNEE

CLASS OLIGOCHATEA:

Includes earthworms, no obvious head, live on land, very obvious segments

CLASS HIRUDINEA:

They include leeches(blood sucks) They are freelance g swimmers or cralwier most have suckers on their bodies surrounding their mouth and other at the posterior end

Mouth contains sharp jaws and sia able to secrete chemical that serves as a anti coagulant and pain killer it basically numbs the area, it can expand three times its length

Application of leeches

BLOOD LETTING: can use leeches to received dead blood cells off inhured areas

SURGICAL: used to thing out blood and increase blood flow between tissues and also used to reduce clotting after surgery

Vocab?

Yes