COGS 17 - Neuroanatomy

ipsilateral

connecting to the same side

lateral

positioned toward the sides

superior

positioned above

medial

positioned toward the middle

inferior

positioned below

contra-lateral

connecting to the opposite side

ventral

stomach side of the spinal cord, underside of the brain

dorsal

back side of the spinal cord, top side of the brain

saggital plane

vertical plane, extends front to back, can shift from medial to lateral

coronal plane

vertical plane, extends right to left, can shift cam anterior to posterior

horizontal plane

plane parallel to ground, can shift from dorsal to ventral

ventricles

chambers that are the source and filled with CSF

meninges

three-layered protective covering surrounding CNS

cerebral spinal fluid

circulates from brain through Central Canal and up through Arachnoid Space

blood/brain barrier

controls what chemicals enter brain, by closing & blocking gaps in capillaries

central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

autonomic nervous system

concerned with assessing & maintaining the body’s internal environment

peripheral nervous system

consists of nerves that enter/exit the CNS

somatic nervous system

concerned with interacting with the environment

true

the brainstem includes hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

false

the raphe system, which runs along the medial face of the brainstem, plays a role in feeding behavior

true

the reticular activating system, that runs up to the brainstem, arouses the brain

false

the brainstem includes the cerebellum

true

the brainstem includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

medulla

controls vital reflexes

pons

passes motor information to/from higher brain centers

cerebellum

motor programs with real-time sensory feedback

tectum

sensory coordination

superior colliculus

localizing and tracking visual motion

tegmentum

motor processes and cranial nerves

inferior colliculus

localizing and tracking moving auditory stimuli

superior colliculus

associated with “blindsight”

thalamus

distributes sensory, motor, and arousal info to/from the rest of the brain

hypothalamus

the neuro/endocrine interface

pituitary gland

receives commands to release hormones into the bloodstream

hypothalamus

works as a “thermostat” to control homeostasis

thalamus

projects to “primary projection area" of cortex

hypothalamus

associated with the “4 Fs”

hippocampus

forming new memories

amygdala

emotional expression and interpretation

olfactory bulb

receives smell information

cingulate gyrus

evaluates go/no go

hippocampus

spatial mapping

basal ganglia

implicated in parkinson’s disease

basal forebrain

arouses and de-arouses the cortex

basal forebrain

releases GABA to promote sleep

basal ganglia

organizes activity in terms of tasks and sub-tasks

temporal lobe

higher visual, auditory, and speech recognition

occipital lobe

visual processing (V1)

parietal lobe

higher visual and somatosensory

frontal lobe

motor cortex and planning

temporal lobe

emotional expression and interpretation

parietal lobe

“how” pathway, including canonical and mirror cells

frontal lobe

language production

corpus callosum

connects the 2 brain hemispheres

vagus nerve

connects to multiple organs

white matter

constitutes 66% of the brain

false

consists of 24 paired segments

true

according to the "Bell-Magendie Law" most information enters the CNS via the Dorsal Roots of the Spinal Cord, and exits via the Ventral Roots

false

like all other structures in the CNS, the Central Canal is duplicated on the right and left

true

like the brain, the Spinal Cord is encased in bone and meninges

sympathetic

dilates pupils, inhibit tears; constricts blood vessels; inhibits salivation; activates adrenal and sweat glands

parasympathetic

facilitate sexual arousal; increase intestinal mobility and secretion; slows heart rate; constricts bronchi of lungs