Nervous System CNS

CNS

brain and spinal cord

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory neurons, neuromuscular junctions

brain anatomy

brain- frontal lobe

primary motor area and conscious thought; intellect and personality

brain- premotor cortex

The region controlling learned motor skills; skilled movement

brain- motor cortex

movement

brain- central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

brain- lateral sulcus

separates temporal and frontal lobe

brain- sensory cortex

sensations

brain- broca's speech area

Located in the left hemisphere. Responsible for the planning and production of speech. damage to this area results in the inability to form words

brain- temporal lobe

memory and auditory area

brain- wernicke's area

language comprehension

brain- occipital lobe

vision and storage of visual memories

brain- cerebellum

balance, equilibrium, and coordination

brain- brainstem (pons midbrain and medulla)

functions to survive. Breathing, digestion, heart rate, and BP and being awake.

spinal cord anatomy

C-spine: 1-7

T-spine: 1-12

L-spine- 1-5

Sacrum: 1-5

hemianopia

blindness over half the field of vision(; ex. damage to R eye or optic nerve= blind in R eye; damage to optic chiasm= blind in both eyes; damage to R occipital lobe or R optic track= loss of left visual field (just left side of both eyes))

expressive aphasia

The inability to produce language (despite being able to understand language); damage to Broca's area

receptive aphasia

inability to understand spoken or written words; damage to Wernickle's area; random words said with no meaning

global aphasia

When both production and understanding of language is damaged; combination of speech and comprehension is off

dysphagia

partial impairment; more common that total impairment

seizures

Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain; precipitated by inflammation, hypoxia, or bleeding in the brain

increased ICP (intracranial pressure)

any changes in the composition of the brain can cause high ICP; normally 80% brain tissue, 10% blood, and 10% CSF; infection, trauma, etc. could cause this

early signs of ICP

body compensates by shifting more CSF from the brain due to...

-side effects: severe headache, vomiting, decreased responsiveness, papilledema

TIA (transient ischemic attack)

temporary reduced blood flow to the brain; 24 hr recovery; single or in a series; warning sign to a stroke

signs of TIA

FAST

F-face drooping

A-arm weakness

S-speech difficulty

T-time to call 911

symptoms are directly related to location of ischemia in brain

stroke

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply

stroke risk factors

-high BP, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, sleep apnea, heavy alc use, smoking/drugs, diabetes, cardiovascular disease

cerebral aneurysms

weakened cerebral artery bulges and can rupture, leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage and increased ICP; initially small and asymptomatic

cerebral aneurysms signs and symptoms

- Loss of visual field or visual disturbances

- Headache

- sensitivity to light

-slurred speech

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges -> increased ICP -> edema in Pia and arachnoid layers; this can be viral, fungal, or bacterial (most serious)*; could be due to meningococcal or strep B

meningitis signs and symptoms

fever, stiff neck, headache, confusion, increased sensitivity to light, nausea/vomiting, and even rash; diagnosed with lumbar puncture

meninges in neonates

rash, baby won't eat, and high pitch cry; needs a prompt diagnosis and treatment; usually from undetected strep B via vaginal birth

brain abscess

localized infection usually in the frontal or temporal lobe; pockets of infection, edema, from spread of organisms, sinus infection, etc.

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain; mostly viral and can be caused by rabies

brain injuries

skull fracture, hemorrhage, edema, direct injury to brain tissue; may be mild or severe

concussion

mild blow; reversible; no bruising to brain tissue

contusion

blunt blow; bruising to the brain; blood vessels ruptured b/c of hit on skill; need CT/MRI

closed head injury

skull not fractured but injured brain; no visible injury/bleeding

hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid/ CSF in the spaces of the brain; need shunt to drain fluid

spina bifida

a congenital neural tube defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it; not enough folic acid/ or maybe gestational diabetes

cerebral palsy

motor impairment that occurs before, during, or shortly after birth

causes: genetic mutation, abnormal fetal formation, infection, fetal brain damage

multiple sclerosis

progressive demyelination of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves

Parkinson's disease

Progressive Degenerative disorder affecting motor function through loss of extrapyramidal activity

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

fatal degenerative disease of the motor neurons marked by muscle weakness and atrophy

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles; idiopathic disease

myasthenia gravis symptoms

fatigue, breathing difficulty, difficulty to climb stairs/lift objects, drooping of eyelids, weakness of eye muscles, and blurred/double vision

huntington's disease

a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia.

dementia

an umbrella term to describe a range of symptoms associated with cognitive impairment

alzheimers

60% of all dementias, chronic, progressive degenerative cognitive disorder; cortical atrophy; personality changes, confusion; genetics can play a role

vascular dementia

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

Rapidly progressive dementia with startle myoclonus

Prions (PrP) change from alpha to beta pleated sheet (resistant to proteases); rare, fatal, degenerative brain disorder

AIDS dementia

a broad cognitive impairment caused by HIV infection; later stages of AIDS

mental disorders

Conditions affecting mood, thinking, and behavior

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

major depression

endogenous: genetic; developmental

bipolar disorder

depression/mania

depression

exogenous: relative to an episode/event

signs of depression

Sadness

Inactivity

Problems sleeping

Withdrawn

post partum depression

depression following childbirth after 2 weeks; due to great hormonal changes

panic disorders

frequent prolonged panic attacks

spinal cord disorder

dermatome map; where it is vs where it causes pain