Piaget and Erikson

Erikson 1st stage of development

Infancy (birth-1yr)- Trust vs. mistrust. Needs= 1. comfort, 2. food, 3. warmth.

-If needs are met, infants develop sense of trust

-If not, develop mistrust of others

This deals with maternal person. 'Get, give in return'

Erikson 2nd stage of development

Toddlerhood (1-2yrs)- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Needs= to control one's actions.

-If established, develop a sense of confidence and/or sense of autonomy.

-If not, experience shame and doubt.

This deals with parental person. 'Hold on, let go'

Erikson 3rd stage of development

Preschooler (3-5yrs)- Initiative vs. guilt. Learning how to initiate plans and goals, and attain them without breaking rules of proper behavior.

-If successful, initiative increases.

Good balance between initiative and guilt.

1. If impulses are not in check with sense of guilt over social transgressions, you'll get undisciplined kids; 'permissive parenting'

2. If there is too much guilt, initiative decreases; 'authoritarian parenting'.

Family. 'To get, to get like'

Erikson 4th stage of development

Elementary (6-12)- Competence vs. inferiority. Kids face conflict of industry vs. inferiority. They attempt to master knowledge and intellectual skill.

-If established, feeling of competence and achievement.

-If not, inferior and low self-esteem.

Neighborhood, school. 'Make things, make together'

Erikson 5th stage of development

Adolescence (12-18)- Identity vs. role confusion. Most crucial stage! This is the first time kids make true effort to form I.D./self-concept. Experiment with many roles. Often, 'final' I.D. is integration of the roles tried.

-If established, clarity.

-If not, confusion and feeling of being 'lost'

Peer groups. 'To be oneself, to share that with others'

Erikson 6th stage of development

Young adulthood. (19-45)- Intimacy vs. isolation. Love, attachment, intimacy.

-If established, establish close relationships.

-If not, emotional isolation.

Partners, friends, sex. 'To lose and find oneself in others'.

Erikson 7th stage of development

Middle adulthood (46-65)- Generativity vs. stagnation. Creation and involvement. Those who create and contribute feel a sense of worth. If not, worthlessness/stagnation.

Partner. 'To make be, to take care of'

Erikson 8th stage of development

Late adulthood (66+ yrs)- Integrity vs. despair. 'Did my life have meaning?' If successful in last 7 stages, 'yes', and integrity. If not, 'no' and despair.

Erikson

Attempted to apply freudian concepts to a full life cycle. Had an optimistic view on humans. Believed it always possible to resolve problems and tasks not completed earlier in life.

Believed that people who overcame each crisis had a better chance at developing in a healthy manner.

cognitive development definition and stages

development of intelligence, conscious thought and problem solving ability that begins in infancy

1. Schema- consistent, reliable pattern or plan of interaction with the environment. Thought to act as a building block of cognitive development.

2. Adaptation

-assimilation: new info gathered by fitting it into preconceived info without changing previous knowledge

-accommodation: new info is gathered and doesn't fit into preconceived info, therefore previous knowledge is changed

3. No context? Ignore it.

psychosocial development

development of the personality and the acquisition of social attitude and skills from infancy to maturity

Jean Piaget

believed; thinking processes change radically, though slowly, from birth to maturity. Why? Because we are constantly making sense of the world

Piaget's stage 1 of development

Sensorimotor (reflexes) (birth->2yrs)- reflexes are first cognitions. Children develop schema by using their reflexes

-Cause and effect

-Object permanence

--4/5 months- 'out of sight out of mind'

--8/9 months- begin to search for hidden object

Piaget's stage 2 of development

Preoperational thought (2-7yrs)

-Emergence of language skills: assimilate and accommodate more about the world and interpreting it's meaning

-names of objects, discovering functions, words=symbols, thinking becomes abstract. They can understand 'apple' even though there is no fruit. Learn to talk

Piaget's stage 3 of development

Concerete operational (7-11yrs)

-Understand and use principles or relationships between events and things

-Physical objects vs. imagery- able to compute math problems in head

-understanding of conservation (2 cups of water example)

-understanding reversibility water<->ice

Piaget's stage 4 of development

Formal operations (11yrs-adult)

-Develop characteristics of mature adults

-decrease in egocentrism

-World view has opened up. They go back from black/white to understand the grey area, abstract ideas and moral reasoning.

Criticism of Piaget

-Research method= his own 3 children

-understand child's abilities= false belief task

-stage development

-culture