Anxiety vs Fear - Chapter 14

Anxiety disorders are marked by WHAT, feeling of WHAT and intense apprehension without apparent reason

Anxiety disorders are marked by PSYCHOLOGICAL AROUSAL, feeling of TENSION and intense apprehension without apparent reason

Anxiety disorder

• WHAT

• WHAT

• WHAT

• WHAT

Anxiety disorder

• Generalized anxiety disorder

• Panic disorder

• Phobias

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Anxiety

• A diffuse, vague, unpleasant feeling that something WHAT will happen (with no clear onset and offset)

• The worry is about unknown WHAT

• WHAT intense

• Concerned with potential threats or danger that might occur in the WHAT

• Form of disorder: WHAT

Anxiety

• A diffuse, vague, unpleasant feeling that something BAD will happen (with no clear onset and offset)

• The worry is about unknown DANGERS

• LESS intense

• Concerned with potential threats or danger that might occur in the FUTURE

• Form of disorder: Generalized anxiety disorder

Fear/panic

• A sudden WHAT of terror in face of perceived immediate dangers (with clear onset and offset)

• The cause of fear is WHAT most of the time

• WHAT intense

• Concerned with threat or danger in the WHAT

• Form of disorder: WHAT

Fear/panic

• A sudden INCREASE of terror in face of perceived immediate dangers (with clear onset and offset)

• The cause of fear is KNOWN most of the time

• MORE intense

• Concerned with threat or danger in the IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT

• Form of disorder: Panic disorder and phobia

Generalized anxiety disorder

• An anxiety disorder in which an individual feels WHAT and WHAT most of the time for at least WHAT months when not threatened by any specific danger or object.

• Threat and danger are WHAT.

• Analogy: Spending too much time anticipating alarms that probably will not sound

Generalized anxiety disorder

• An anxiety disorder in which an individual feels ANXIOUS and WORRIED most of the time for at least SIX months when not threatened by any specific danger or object.

• Threat and danger are IMAGINARY.

• Analogy: Spending too much time anticipating alarms that probably will not sound

Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder in which sufferers experience unexpected, severe WHAT that begin with a feeling of intense apprehension, WHAT, or WHAT.

• The indicators of panic disorder are similar to those of generalized anxiety disorder, except that they are greatly WHAT and usually have a sudden onset

Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder in which sufferers experience unexpected, severe PANIC ATTACKS that begin with a feeling of intense apprehension, FEAR, or TERROR.

• The indicators of panic disorder are similar to those of generalized anxiety disorder, except that they are greatly MAGNIFIED and usually have a sudden onset

Clinical Features of Panic Attacks

A discrete period of intense WHAT or WHAT, in which WHAT (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within WHAT minutes:

1. Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate

2. Sweating

3. Trembling or shaking

4. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering

5. Feeling of choking

6. Chest pain or discomfort

7. Nausea or abdominal distress

8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint

9. Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)

10. Fear of losing control or going crazy

11. Fear of dying

12. Paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensations)

13. Chills or hot flushes

Clinical Features of Panic Attacks

A discrete period of intense FEAR or DISCOMFORT, in which FOUR (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes:

1. Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate

2. Sweating

3. Trembling or shaking

4. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering

5. Feeling of choking

6. Chest pain or discomfort

7. Nausea or abdominal distress

8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint

9. Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)

10. Fear of losing control or going crazy

11. Fear of dying

12. Paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensations)

13. Chills or hot flushes

Phobias

Phobia is a persistent and irrational fear (of a specific object, activity, or situation) that is excessive and unreasonable, given the reality of the threat.

Phobias

Two major categories of phobias

• WHAT

• WHAT

Phobias

Two major categories of phobias

• Social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

• Specific phobia

Social Phobia

• A persistent , irrational fear that arises in anticipation of a public situation in which an individual can be observed by others.

Examples

• Giving a speech

• Playing a musical instrument

• Meeting with strangers

Social Phobia

Common signs of anxiety in social phobic individuals:

• Intense WHAT

• WHAT of the hands

• Quavering WHAT

• Profuse perspiration

• Muscle WHAT

Social Phobia

Common signs of anxiety in social phobic individuals:

• Intense BLUSHING

• TREMORS of the hands

• Quavering VOICE

• Profuse perspiration

• Muscle TENSION

Social Phobia

• At the core of the phobia, the individual is afraid of being WHAT or WHAT.

• Social phobic people experience great fear at the mere thought of having to WHAT

• They are constantly afraid that they will say something WHAT.

• They are over concerned about how others may WHAT of them

Social Phobia

• At the core of the phobia, the individual is afraid of being HUMILIATED or EMBARRASSED.

• Social phobic people experience great fear at the mere thought of having to INTERACT WITH OTHER PEOPLE

• They are constantly afraid that they will say something STUPID.

• They are over concerned about how others may THINK of them

Specific phobias

Specific phobias are phobias that occur in response to specific types of objects or situations.

Specific phobias

• The stimuli that evoke them are WHAT

• The most common fear-arousing stimuli tend to be WHAT, WHAT, or WHAT that presented WHAT dangers in earlier stages of human evolution.

Specific phobias

• The stimuli that evoke them are NOT RANDOM.

• The most common fear-arousing stimuli tend to be ANIMALS, OBJECTS, or EVENTS that presented REAL dangers in earlier stages of human evolution.

What are the most popular phobis in the US

• Public speaking

• death

• spiders

Agoraphobia

• Agoraphobia is a form of WHAT type of specific phobias.

Agoraphobia

• Agoraphobia is a form of SITUATIONAL type of specific phobias.

Agoraphobia

• It is an extreme fear of being in situations from which escape may be WHAT or WHAT of situations such as being alone outside one’s home, traveling in a car, bus, or airplane, or being in a crowded area.

Agoraphobia

• It is an extreme fear of being in situations from which escape may be DIFFICULT or AVOIDANCE of situations such as being alone outside one’s home, traveling in a car, bus, or airplane, or being in a crowded area.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Obsessions

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Obsessions are thoughts, images, or impulses that RECUR or PERSIST despite a person’s efforts to suppress them.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Compulsions

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Compulsions are REPETITIVE and PURPOSEFUL acts performed according to certain RULES or in a ritualized manner in response to an obsession.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• A compulsive behaviour serves to reduce the WHAT produced by a form of WHAT.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• A compulsive behaviour serves to reduce the ANXIETY produced by a form of OBSESSION.

The OCD cycle

obsessions (fears, intrusive thoughts) → anxiety (feeling the need to react) → compulsions (actions or mental rituals to reduce the anxiety) → Relief (temporary, reinforces compulsions) → Obsessions

Types of obsessions and compulsions

• OCPD is defined by strict adherence to WHAT, WHAT, and WHAT.

• People with OCPD are likely to obsess over even the WHAT of their life. They like to be in control of those details all the time.

• They restrict their flexibility and openness to WHAT experiences.

• Compulsive behaviors are driven by the need to be WHAT (OCPD is a personality disorder)

• OCPD is defined by strict adherence to ORDERLINESS, CONTROL, and PERFECTIONISM.

• People with OCPD are likely to obsess over even the SMALLEST DETAILS of their life. They like to be in control of those details all the time.

• They restrict their flexibility and openness to NEW experiences.

• Compulsive behaviors are driven by the need to be PERFECT (OCPD is a personality disorder)

• Individuals with OCD constantly suffer from frequent, upsetting thoughts in a WHAT (e.g., worry about contamination).

• They try to control these thoughts by forming particular WHAT or WHAT (e.g., repetitive and extended periods of washing).

• Compulsive behaviours are driven by the need to WHAT (OCD is an anxiety related disorder)

• Individuals with OCD constantly suffer from frequent, upsetting thoughts in a LOOP (e.g., worry about contamination).

• They try to control these thoughts by forming particular BEHAVIOURS or RITUALS (e.g., repetitive and extended periods of washing).

• Compulsive behaviours are driven by the need to REDUCE ANXIETY (OCD is an anxiety related disorder)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

• In DSM-5, PTSD is classified as a trauma and stressor-related disorder characterized by the persistent WHAT of WHAT events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, or dissociative flashbacks; developed in response to rape, life- threatening events, severe injury, and natural disasters

• Note: In DSM-4, it was classified as an WHAT disorder.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

• In DSM-5, PTSD is classified as a trauma and stressor-related disorder characterized by the persistent RE-EXPERIENCE of TRAUMATIC events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, or dissociative flashbacks; developed in response to rape, life- threatening events, severe injury, and natural disasters

• Note: In DSM-4, it was classified as an ANXIETY disorder.

Diagnostic Criteria of PTSD

1. Exposed to a WHAT event.

2. The traumatic event is WHAT.

3. Avoidance of WHAT associated with the trauma and WHAT of responsiveness.

4. Increased WHAT.

5. Duration more than WHAT

6. Causes WHAT or WHAT.

Diagnostic Criteria of PTSD

1. Exposed to a TRAUMATIC event.

2. The traumatic event is RE-EXPERIENCED.

3. Avoidance of STIMULI associated with the trauma and NUMBING of responsiveness.

4. Increased AROUSAL.

5. Duration more than 1 MONTH

6. Causes DISTRESS or IMPAIRMENT.