Control handout Crime Booklet 4

Punishment

The consequences imposed on individuals who commit criminal offenses.

Retribution

The aim of punishment that seeks revenge or payback for the crime committed.

Rehabilitation

The aim of punishment that focuses on reintegrating offenders into society and teaching them the norms and values of mainstream society.

Deterrence

The aim of punishment that discourages individuals from committing crimes by making an example of offenders.

Incapacitation

The aim of punishment that physically removes the ability of an individual to commit a crime, such as through imprisonment or death sentence.

Restorative justice

A form of punishment that involves meetings or mediation between the perpetrator and the victim, with the offender taking responsibility and the victim forgiving them.

Recidivism

The tendency of ex-inmates to reoffend after being released from prison.

Control Theory

Hirschi's theory that suggests that most people do not commit crimes due to four controls in their lives:attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

Repressive State Apparatus

A concept from Marxism that refers to the formal methods of social control used by the ruling class to maintain their power and enforce their interests.

Ideological State Apparatus

A concept from Marxism that refers to the informal methods of social control used by the ruling class to shape the beliefs and values of the population.

Control theory

The idea that individuals are controlled through various social institutions such as work, home, and the public sphere.

Glass ceiling

The invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher positions in the workplace.

Gender pay gap

The difference in earnings between men and women, with women typically earning less than men for the same work.

Segregated conjugal roles

The division of household tasks and responsibilities based on gender, with women typically taking on childcare and domestic duties.

CCTV surveillance

The use of closed-circuit television cameras to monitor and record activities in public spaces.

Panopticon

A prison design concept by Jeremy Bentham where prisoners are constantly surveilled, leading to self-discipline and control.

Self-surveillance

The act of monitoring and regulating one's own behavior due to the constant presence of surveillance.

Dispersal of discipline

The shift of control and surveillance from the monarch to various social institutions such as mental asylums, workhouses, factories, and schools.

Synoptic surveillance

The monitoring and surveillance of various institutions such as the family, education, and social services.

Actuarial justice

A form of risk management that predicts the likelihood of an individual committing a crime based on factors such as age, ethnicity, gender, religion, and location.

Zero tolerance policing

A law enforcement strategy that punishes minor crimes harshly in order to prevent more serious crimes from occurring.

Broken windows theory

The idea that visible signs of disorder and neglect in a neighborhood can lead to an increase in crime.

Social and community crime prevention

Policies and programs aimed at addressing the root causes of crime through social and community interventions.

New Labour's approach

The crime prevention policies implemented by the Labour Party in the UK from 1997 to 2010, which focused on being tough on crime and its causes.

Left realism

A criminological perspective that emphasizes tackling the structural causes of crime such as poverty, unemployment, and marginalization.

Social Construction of Crime

Crimes are dependent on the State's definition of crime, which often focuses on street crime and ignores white collar crime and tax evasion.

Quantitative Data

Reliance on quantitative data in the study of crime does not provide deeper meanings or explanations for structural trends and fails to explain why marginalized and unemployed individuals do not necessarily commit crimes.

Edgework

A concept introduced by Katz and Lyng that focuses on the thrill-seeking behavior and risk-taking tendencies of individuals, particularly in inner city areas.

Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW)

A victim survey conducted by the Home Office that asks households about their experience of crime, helping to generate crime statistics along with police records.

Victimology

The study of factors that make individuals more likely to be victims of crimes, including age, gender, homelessness, and ethnicity.

Positivist Victimology

A perspective that examines the characteristics and circumstances that make individuals more susceptible to being victims of crime.

Dark Figure of Crime

Crimes that go unreported and unrecorded, leading to an underestimation of the true extent of crime.

Critical Victimology

A perspective that focuses on structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty in understanding victimization and highlights the power dynamics involved in labeling individuals as victims.

Hierarchy of Victimology

Certain individuals, such as the elderly and children, are considered high-status victims, while the powerless are more likely to be victims of crime but are not seen as high-status victims by the state.

Gender and Victimisation

Men are more likely to be victims of violent street crimes, while women are more likely to be victims of rape and domestic violence.

Environmental Theory

The theory that factors such as the lack of community and stability in areas surrounding the central business district (CBD) contribute to higher victimization rates.

Age and Victimisation

Young people, particularly those under 16, are more likely to be victims of crime, but their victimization is often not recognized in surveys that focus on adults.

Social Class and Victimisation

Areas with high levels of deprivation and poverty are more likely to have higher rates of victimization, with the poorest individuals being the most vulnerable to crime.

White Collar Crime

Crimes committed by individuals in positions of power or authority, such as fraud, tax evasion, and insider trading, which often make it difficult to identify specific victims.

White collar crime

Crimes committed by individuals in professional or business positions, typically involving deceit, fraud, or financial manipulation.

Great Recession of 2008-2009

A severe global economic downturn that occurred as a result of the collapse of the housing market and financial institutions, leading to high unemployment rates and a decline in economic activity.

Criminogenic

Refers to factors or conditions that contribute to the occurrence or increase of criminal behavior.

Victimhood

The state or condition of being a victim, often associated with experiencing harm, loss, or trauma as a result of a crime or other negative event.

Mystification

The process of obscuring or concealing the true nature or extent of corporate crimes, often through the manipulation of public perception or the downplaying of their harmful effects.

Secondary victimization

The additional harm or trauma experienced by victims, particularly in the context of legal proceedings or societal responses, which can compound the initial victimization.

Financial crash

A sudden and significant decline in the value of financial assets or the overall economy, often resulting in widespread economic hardship and financial instability.

Victimization effects

The various psychological and emotional consequences experienced by victims of crime, including anger, anxiety, fear, depression, withdrawal, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and feelings of powerlessness.

Victim blaming

The tendency to hold victims partially or entirely responsible for the crimes committed against them, often resulting in the denial of their victimhood and the perpetuation of societal inequalities.

Gendered victimization

The differential experiences of victimization based on gender, with women often facing higher levels of victimhood worry and being more vulnerable to control and violence from men.