Care of patient with alterations in oxygen intake

• What are some respiratory changes with aging?

• Ability to cough decreases

• Residual to volume increases

• Alveolar surface area decreases

• Gas exchange is more difficult

• Muscles atrophy

• Hypoxia decrease

• Barrel chest

• Kyphosis

• What is asthma?

• Condition that occurs intermittently

• What two ways does asthma occur?

• Inflammation

• Airway tissue sensitivity leading to bronchoconstriction

• What is the manifestation of asthma?

• Audible wheeze

• Increased RR

• Increased cough

• Use of accessory muscles

• Barrel chest

• Long breathing cycle

• Cyanosis

• Hypoxemia

• What laboratory assessment should you get for asthma?

• ABGs

• What are pulmonary function test

• Forced vital capacity (FVC)

• Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1)

• Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

• What are the risk factors of sleep apnea?

• Obstruction by soft palate

• Obesity

• Large vulva

• Short neck

• Smoking

• Large tonsils

• Oropharyngeal edema

What history should you get for sleep apnea?

• Persistent daytime sleepiness

• Snoring

• Interview family

• Use of sleep aids

• GERD

• What are the ways to assess sleep apnea?

• STOP Bang sleep apnea questionnaire

• Sleep study at home

• Polysomnography

• What is nonsurgical management of sleep apnea?

• Change of sleep position

• Weight loss

• Positive pressure ventilation

• What is surgical management of sleep apnea?

• Adenoidectomy

• Uvulectomy

• Who is at risk for pneumonia?

• Older adult

• Nursing home residents

• Hospitalized patients

• Patients with neurologic or swallowing problems

• Patients on ventilators

• What is pneumonia?

• Infection causing exudate buildup in lungs

• Causes gas exchange to be reduced

What is the health promotion of pneumonia?

• Vaccination

• Avoiding crowded places

• Cough turn move deep breath

• Clean respiratory equipment

• What are manifestations of pneumonia?

cough

fever

chills

sob

• What is a laboratory assessment for pneumonia?

• Gram stain

• CBC

• Blood culture

• ABG

• Serum electrolytes

• BUN

• Creatine

• What happens in pneumonia patients?

• Decreased gas exchange

• Potential for airway obstruction

• Potential for sepsis

• Potential for pulmonary empyema

• What is the treatment for pneumonia?

• Oxygen therapy

• Incentive spirometry

• Cough and deep breathing exercise

• Encourage fluids

• Bronchodilators

• Antibiotics

• What is tuberculosis?

• Highly communicable 

• Transmitted via air

• What is secondary TB?

• Reactivation of disease in previously infected person

• What is the health promotion of TB?

• Recognize risk factors

• Avoidance of people who are ill

• Good handwashing 

• Screening

  • For those who are high risk

What are the manifestations of tb?

• Progressive fatigue

• Lethargy

• Nausea

• Anorexia

• Weight loss

• Low grade fever

• Cough with sputum and blood streaks

• Dull aching chest pain

• What is a tuberculin PPD test?

• Given in forearm

• Induration of greater than 10 mm is positive for exposure

• What to remember with a positive PPD skin test?

• Positive ration does not mean active disease is present but does indicate you were exposed at some point

• What is the treatment for TB?

• Four drug treatment to avoid resistance

• Negative sputum culture means no longer infected