Distribution Exam 2 Review Questions

technical association of the pulp and paper industry

TAPPI stands for?

american society for testing materials

ASTM stands for?

international safe transit association

ISTA stands for?

equivalent free fall drop height

EFFDH stands for?

relative humidity

RH stands for?

development/engineering testing

Individual tests to determine the adequacy of protection against selected hazard during the DEVELOPMENT of a package design

distribution/performance testing

Combination of tests that are designed to best represent the distribution environment

• controlled environment

• repeatable

• watch package and product pass/fail

3 reasons why testing in the lab might be important

development/engineering testing

what kind of test?

• Determination of a critical drop height with a drop tester

• Compression testing a sample to failure

• Water vapor transmission testing

• Seal strength testing

• Natural Frequency determination

distribution/performance testing

what kind of test?

• ISTA 2A

  • Atmospheric testing

  • Compression

  • Vibration

  • Shock

  • Vibration (2^nd round)

• Pass/fail

• integrity test

• general simulation test

• focused simulation test

3 types of simulation test?

focused simulation test

which simulation test is the most involved/specific/expensive?

ASTM D4169

under which ASTM standard is it required that an assurance level be determined?

Level I, Level II, or Level III

what are the 3 assurance levels?

level 1

for a very expensive product, which assurance level would you want?

• D4169

• D7386

what are the 2 simulation standards with ASTM? (they are numbers)

vibration

What is the one hazard that all packaged products will encounter?

both?

Is ASTM D999 (repetitive shock) a performance test or engineering test or BOTH?

vertical

what kind of motion is Method A1?

rotary

what kind of motion is Method A2?

no, the dynamics are different

ex: water/liquid

Are rotary and vertical motion test methods equivalent? Why or why not?

non-equivalent equivalents

What is a term commonly associated with rotary and vertical motion tests?

know how to calculate Amax (frequency)

Determine resonance frequencies of critical product components

objective of a resonance test?

engineering

is a resonance test performance or engineering?

Most representative of vibration inputs from transport vehicles during distribution

understand ASTM D4728

• it only tells us how to set-up; not how long, how intense, etc

Method A

which method?

• closed loop

• most commonly used

• allows users to monitor the table motion to ensure its meeting standards

Method B

which method?

• open loop

• shower example

• can make adjustments

Method A

which method is more commonly used—A or B?

mechanical vibration table

won’t do random vibration

servo-hydraulic (electro-hydraulic) vibration table

• 3-300 Hz

• Larger tables have lower frequency ranges

• Can handle larger weight

• Good for package testing

• Stroke is 6+ inches

electro-dynamic vibration table

• Large speaker

• 5-2000 Hz

• Small stroke, usually 2-3 inches, bad for heavy weight, can get higher frequency ranges

• Good for high-frequency product testing

electro-dynamic vibration table

which vibration table is best for high frequency product testing?

pros

• decreased times

cons

• possible over-testing

ASTM D4728 provides various profiles for rail, air, and truck simulation. What are the pros and cons of using time compression?

5:1 (field time: test time)

when using time compression of random vibration data, what is the recommended field to test time ratio that should not be exceeded?

we take value that has highest energy which is typically the vertical but that may not encompass dangers from lateral. Therefore, it may come back from the environment damaged

average PSD limitations?

free fall drop

testing method for small packages?

incline or horizontal impact tester

testing method for large packages?

Calculate the EFFDG of an impact

• constant drop height (performance test)

• progressive drop height (engineering test)

• up and down

3 categories of free fall drops

ASTM D5276 (free fall drop test)

testing equipment for which ASTM standard?

• swing arm

• swing leaf

• falling platen

• overhead quick release

overhead quick release

if we need a low drop height, which test is the best choice?

• swing arm

• swing leaf

• falling platen

• overhead quick release

not getting any specific data since it’s pass/fail?

shortcomings of constant drop height and up/down?

performance

performance or engineering?

• constant drop height

engineering

performance or engineering?

• progressive drop height

ASTM D6344 (concentrated impacts to transport packaging)

which ASTM standard?

• guided or non-guided free fall and pendulum

• could be single package or pallet load

ASTM D880 (incline impact)

which ASTM standard?

• difference in Procedure A and B

procedure A

which procedure?

• tests the container only

procedure B

which procedure?

• tests the container + packaging + product

ASTM D4003 and D5277

which ASTM standards for horizontal impact? (2)

ASTM D6179

which ASTM standards- Floor tests for unitized loads?

• rotational edge drops

• rotational flat drop

rotational edge drops

most common floor test for unitized load?

rotational flat drop

2nd most common floor test for unitized load

• Fork truck

• Spade lift truck (basaloid)

• Clamp truck

• Push/pull test (slip sheet)

• Grab hook and sling test

what does ASTM D6055 mechanical handling of unitized loads simulate?

warehouses

vehicles

where are compression forces experienced?

static (warehouse)

dynamic (plane, train)

two types of compression testing the package may encounter?

ASTM D4577

• Record the deflection before and after testing

• Good for multi-material packages

• Determine compressive forces over time

which ASTM standard?

• static (constant) load

• apply a load for a specific time

what is measured during that time frame?

ASTM D642 (Quasi-static)

which ASTM standard?

• 2 test modes (apply and release) (compress to failure)

ASTM D642 (Quasi-static)

which ASTM standard?

• 2 types of platen settings: fixed and floating

performance

performance or engineering testing?

• apply and release

engineering

performance or engineering testing?

• compress to failure

• two types of platen settings

• fixed: strongest corner

• floating: weakest corner, good for non-traditional containers

what is fixed/floating testing and why would you choose one over the other?

the corners?

where does 70% of the box’s strength come from?

stopped the test too soon so we didn’t get an accurate compression strength

look at compression strength vs. deflection graphs and know what was wrong with the first pic

• Different dynamics

• Different loading

• Custom fixtures

overcome through non-equivalent equivalents?

3 issues/shortcomings associated with letting “dead weight” represent the load above the first box?

• how can we overcome those issues?

water and humidity

environmental concern when working with corrugate?

temp fluctuation

environmental concern when working with polymers?

ASTM D4332

which ASTM standard is concerned with conditions for temp and humidity?

23±1 C

50±2%

what are the standard conditions for temp and humidity?

• because a package may pass for one test but fail when it encounters two environmental conditions combined

• Two or more hazards combined in a laboratory in a way that simulated their combined effect during distribution

why is combined environment testing needed sometimes?