behavorism- PSYCH

acquisition

Period of initial learning in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response.

associative learning

A form of learning connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

classical conditioning

Learning in which the stimulus occurs before the behavior and is then paired with the behavior.

cognitive map

A mental picture of the layout of the environment.

conditioned response (CR)

Response caused by the conditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Stimulus that elicits a response due to being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

continuous reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

extinction

Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Behavior rewarded after a set amount of time.

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded.

habituation

Learning not to respond to a stimulus presented repeatedly without change.

higher-order conditioning

Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus.

instinct

Unlearned knowledge involving complex patterns of behavior.

latent learning

Learning that occurs but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

law of effect

Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated; those followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.

learning

Change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.

model

Person who performs a behavior that serves as an example in observational learning.

negative punishment

Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

neutral stimulus (NS)

Stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.

observational learning

Type of learning that occurs by watching others.

operant conditioning

Form of learning where the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

pairing

A friendly term for classical conditioning.

partial reinforcement

Rewarding behavior only some of the time.

positive punishment

Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior.

positive reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

primary reinforcer

Has innate reinforcing qualities, such as food, water, and shelter.

punishment

Implementation of a consequence to decrease a behavior.

reflex

Unlearned, automatic response to a stimulus in the environment.

reinforcement

Implementation of a consequence to increase a behavior.

secondary reinforcer

Has no inherent value until linked with something else, like money or tokens.

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior.

spontaneous recovery

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

stimulus discrimination

Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.

stimulus generalization

Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response (UCR)

Natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Behavior rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time.

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded.

vicarious punishment

Observer sees the model punished, making them less likely to imitate the model's behavior.

vicarious reinforcement

Observer sees the model rewarded, making them more likely to imitate the model's behavior.