History 108 Final

Stephen A. Douglas

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate Senator from Illinois who ran for President against Lincoln. Introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty, also wrote the Freeport Doctrine.

Colonization movement

movement to send Africans back to Africa, supporters of this movement felt that if free African Americans went to Africa to start new colonies it would prevent conflicts between the races in the US.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

"Contrabands"

escaped or captured slaves taken in by the Union army during the Civil War

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper. It was popular in the Northwest. Significance: Helped farmers thrive and grow more farmland.

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

exploding drunks

the idea that a person's blood becomes flammable if too much alcohol is in it. This was an idea near the time of the temperance movement

minie ball

a kind of bullet, cone-shaped rifle bullet, used in the 1800s, with a hollow base that would cause a rifle to shoot farther and more accurately than a musket

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Robert E. Lee

American soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Benevolent Empire

Movements of social reform that focused on the development of public schools, teachers, treatment of the mentally ill, limits on the sale of alcohol, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's Convention in Seneca Falls to address women's rights.

James Buchanan

15th President 1857-1861. From Pennsylvania. Served as Secretary of State. Did not stop secession of southern states (7)

XYZ Affair

1797, An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War

Emancipation Proclamation

(1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863

54-40 or fight!

Campaign slogan used by James K. Polk in the Election of 1844. 54-40 was the northern boundary of the Oregon territory shared by the US and GB - Americans wanted Oregon to become a US territory.

American System

An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Whigs

Another name for revolutionary Patriots.

Dred Scott Case

1857, Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Monroe Doctrine

1823, Declared Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe.

3/5 Compromise

A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

Bill of Rights

1791, The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

Anaconda

Union war-plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi River, and to take an army through the heart of the south, a key point in the Union's war strategy was encircling the South as an anaconda squeezes its prey. This plan entailed a naval blockade and the capture of the Mississippi River corridor.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Miller's Millennium

William Miller, 1844- 2nd Great Awakening. Judgement was coming, need to make reform and better ourselves. Even though he predicted the wrong date for the end of the world, people still believed him and took it seriously

Bladensburg Races

During the War of 1812, Americans were defeated when they didn't fight. Instead they ran away and the British captured D.C. and burned the White House.

doughfaces

name given to the northern Democrats who were willing to compromise on the political problems of the 1850s

William Lloyd Garrison

most famous abolitionist, edited the newspaper the "Liberator" in New York. Became active in the 1830s. did not want to use politics to accomplish abolition, because he did not want to compromise.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Embargo

A government order preventing trade with another country

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Trail of Tears

1838-1839 The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116 day journey.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 Bill that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Jay Treaty

1795, Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to stop the seizing of American's ships but Britain refused which lead to the closing of the western posts for the British.

"Free Soil"

The idea surfaced after the Mexican War that Congress had the authority to ban slavery in the newly acquired territories. It was embodied in the Wilmot Proviso. The advocates of "free soil" formed their own political party in 1848, and Martin Van Buren was their candidate for President.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Samuel Gridley Howe

In 1832, he became the first director of the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), the first such institution in the United States. Howe directed the school for the rest of his life

13th Amendment

1865. Amendment abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of committing a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.

Paternalist Myth

a way of justifying slave holders; they don't have the intelligence nor morality there need us to take care of them; this is for the good of the slave they are doing them a favor; treating the slaves as their own; the idea that they are like a parent to them because the slaves are like children and are unable to take care of themselves; not true they treated the slaves terribly; if it was that good they wouldn't try to escape or try to fight back; pre-civil war

14th Ammedement

June 8th, 1866. Everyone born “naturalized” in the U.S. is a full citizen and has equal protection under the law (Dred Scott Case)

Black codes

safety valve theory

For Frederick Jackson Turner, in the West was a “safety valve,” in and its opportunity for the poor in of the east saved America from in having

Tecumseh

Shawnee Chief martyr for resisting American takeover of indigenous lands. Killed in Battle of Thames 1815 (War of 1812)

Horace Greeley

representative from New York 1858. Founder and editor of the Tribune which was the highest circulating newspaper in the mid-1800s. Whig/Republican and socialist/utopian

Ulyesses S. Grant

18th president 1869-1877. West Point graduate, general of the Union Army, successful of western theater in Civil War, 15th amendment

Credit mobilier

scandal 1864-1867. Union Pacific Railroad was funded by Credit Mobilier of America Construction Company which was a fraudulent company that inflated bonds and stocks to give officials money

15th Ammendment

February 26th, 1869. Give black men the right to vote

Celia

enslaved girl. State of Missouri vs Celia 1855 murder trial in Callaway County. Celia is tried for killing her master, Robert Newsom. 1st degree murder and is hung at 19 years old

Harrison land act

Abolitionists

Limited liability

WIlliam Tecumseh Sherman

commanding general of the U.S. (Union) Army after Grant. Known for scorched earth policy.

GAR

The Grand Army of the Republic. Fraternal organization for veterans who served on the Union side

bloody shirt

saying in post-Civil War politics. Strategy of appealing to voters by bringing up emotions/ hardships from the civil war. Radical republicans

Horace Mann

1796-1852 Whig Abolitionist. Wanted accessible education for all. Created “normal schools” for training teachers

Cane Ridge

Market economy

interchangeable parts